Chapter 2 Section 3 & 4 Terms: Add these to your other terms

1. Chapter 2 Section 3 & 4 Terms: Add these to your other terms • Cuneiform • Ziggurats • City-State • Code of Hammurabi • Nebuchadnezzar • Zoroaster

2. Use pages 30-34 to identify the civilization characteristics of the Fertile Crescent Valley (Sumeria) 1)Surplus food: 2) Government: 3) Division of Labor: 4) Writing System: 5) Calendar:

3. Copy the Graphic Organizer below and use it to plot the main achievements AND causes of decline of the empires in the Fertile Crescent Valley. Use pages 35-40.

4. Phoenicians & Lydians

5. Chapter 2 Section 6 terms 1. Covenant 2. Abraham 3. 12 Tribes of Israel 4. Moses 5. Exodus 6. Saul 7. David 8. Solomon 9. Torah 10. Judeo-Christian ethics

6. Judaism • Abraham: founder of Hebrews. Lived in Sumer and led his people out of Sumer and through the Syrian Desert into Canaan. • Believed that Canaan (Modern day Israel) was promised to the Abraham and the Hebrews by their God (Yahweh). • Abraham has 2 sons: 1) the oldest Ishmael came from Hagar (wife #2 and servant). 2) Isaac=came from wife #1 (Sarah). Hagar and Ishmael are dismissed from the family and the birthright goes to Isaac. • Ishmaelites=Modern day Arabs. • Isaac later has 2 twin sons: 1) Esau 2) Jacob • Isaac descendants are the modern day Jews. • Jacob and Esau are twin brothers. Jacob, who is younger, buys the birthright and has 12 sons. • 12 sons=12 Tribes of Israel.

7. Judaism • Hebrews leave Canaan and go to Egypt due to a famine in the land. The Hebrews are originally accepted by the Egyptians and given land. • Hebrews are enslaved when the Hyksos are kicked out of Egypt. Hebrews will be enslaved for 400 years. • Hebrews leave Egypt under Moses (Exodus) and wander around the Sinai Peninsula for 40 years. • Moses receives the 10 Commandments, moral laws, while in the Sinai Peninsula. • Commandments 1-4: Establishes the Hebrews’ relationship w/ Yahweh. • Commandments 5-10: Emphasizes self restraint and strong commitment to family.

8. Judaism • The Hebrews agreed to follow these laws. A covenant, or promise, was made between the Hebrews and Yahweh. • Yahweh promised to give Canaan to the Hebrews as long as they obeyed the 10 commandments. • Canaan was divided into 2 portions. Northern Canaan=Canaanites. Southern Canaan=Philistines. • The 12 tribes unite under Saul for battle w/ the Canaanites and the Philistines. • Hebrews acquire Northern Canaan by conquering the Canaanites. Also get most of Southern Canaan by driving the Philistines to the coast, but they don’t conquer the Philistines. • The Hebrews name their kingdom Israel

9. Judaism • David succeeds Saul and makes Jerusalem his capital. • Solomon succeeds David. Jerusalem becomes rich and powerful due to trade with Arabia. • Solomon dies and the kingdom splits: 10 Northern tribes=Kingdom named Israel with the city of Samaria as the capital. 2 Southern tribes=Kingdom named Judah with the city of Jerusalem as the capital. • In 772 B.C. the Assyrians fulfill Biblical prophecy by conquering Israel and enslave the Hebrews (Diaspora). • In 587 B.C. the Chaldeans fulfill Biblical prophecy by conquering Judah and destroy Jerusalem and its temple. The Hebrews are enslaved.

10. Judaism • Persian King Cyrus allows the Hebrews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple. • Jews will remain scattered and lose their homeland until 1948 when the U.S. and its allies give the land of Israel to the Jews. Palestinians (Muslim) are upset they had to leave and their land was given to the Jews. • Torah=1st 5 books of the Old Testament is the Jewish holy book. • Jews are monotheistic (Yahweh is their God). • Originally the Hebrews believed they should fear Yahweh, but their religion changed over the years. • The Hebrews now believe that people have a choice between good and evil. Individuals have free will and are held responsible for their choices.

11. Judeo-Christian Ethics • The Jewish religion emphasizes ethics, or proper conduct. • Same ethical ideas carried over into Christianity when it was created.