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European Revolutions (1815-1848)

European Revolutions (1815-1848). THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS. Congress of Vienna – The “Quadruple Alliance”. Austria – Prince Metternich Very conservative, resists liberals and reformers England – Robert Steward, Lord Castlereagh

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European Revolutions (1815-1848)

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  1. European Revolutions (1815-1848) THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS

  2. Congress of Vienna – The “Quadruple Alliance” • Austria – Prince Metternich • Very conservative, resists liberals and reformers • England – Robert Steward, Lord Castlereagh • Wanted to surround France with bigger and stronger countries • Prussia – Karl von Hardenberg • Wanted to recover Prussian territory and take control of the rebel kingdom of Saxony • Russia – Tsar Alexander I • Back and forth on liberal and reactionary views, wanted a “free” and “independent” Poland of which he would be king

  3. Goals of the Congress of Vienna • Legitimacy  restoring the power to ruling families disposed by the revolutionary warfare • Compensation territorial rewards to states that had made sacrifices to defeat Napoleon • Balance of Power  Arraigning the map of Europe that that no one state could upset the international order • Congress System Meetings held periodically by the great powers to defend the status quo

  4. Industrial Revolution - Review • Where did it begin? • Roots of the Industrial Revolution? (4) • Changes in: • Class Structure • Social Construct • Capitalism • Class Disparity

  5. Impact of the “isms” • Romanticism • Conservatism • Liberalism • Nationalism • Socialism

  6. Conservative Backlash • Conservative leaders had “contained” the liberal ideals • Growing disconnect between the traditional ruling class and the middle class which embodied many of these “new” ideals • Postwar Repression (1815-1820) • England  enacted a number of acts • France  “Restoration” period of Louis XVIII, constitutional monarchy • Austria & Germany  Ruled by Prince Metternich • Russia  ruled in traditional authoritarian style

  7. Europe in Crisis (Revolutions I: 1815-1833) • Nationalism, liberalism, socialism all factors in the outbreaks of revolutions • Outside of Europe  Monroe Doctrine (1823), Latin American revolution

  8. Europe in Crisis (Revolutions I: 1815-1833) • Spain (1820-1823) FAILED • Liberals rose up against King Ferdinand VII  crushed by a French army • Italy (1820-1821) FAILED • Secret liberal-nationals rose up against Ferdinand I  crushed by an Austrian army • Greek Revolt (1821-1830) SUCCESS! • Nationalist uprising against the Ottoman Empire • England, France and Russia all assisted the Greeks

  9. Europe in Crisis (Revolutions I: 1815-1833) • Russia, Decembrist Uprising (1825) FAILED • Alexander I died unexpectedly, crisis over succession • Nicholas was to take the throne  highly conservative • Liberals rose up (Decembrists were noble opponents) • Russia became a police state • Shuts down Polish Revolution, Hungarian nationalism, wants to expand into the Ottoman Empire (Crimean War) • England  Chooses Reform • Repealed some acts, updated outdated laws, accommodated for new rising merchant & middle class

  10. Europe in Crisis (Revolutions II: 1830-1833) • France  July Revolution (1830) SUCCESS • Charles X tried to restore the Old Regime • Replaced Charles X with Louis-Philippe the “bourgeois king” • France controlled by the bourgeois and bankers/businessmen “When Frances sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold” This revolution was a spark for other countries!

  11. Europe in Crisis (Revolutions II: 1830-1833) • Belgium (1830-1831) SUCCESS • Merged with Holland in 1815 • Revolt against the Dutch  Dutch army was defeated • A national congress wrote a liberal constitution and named Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (1831-1865) as king • Poland (1830-1831) FAILED • Challenged Russian domination of Poland, crushed by the Russian army • Poland became “a land of graves and crosses”

  12. Europe in Crisis (Revolutions II: 1830-1833) • Italy (1831-1832) FAILED • Wanted to unify Italy (Italian nationalists) • Crushed by the Austrians again • Germany (1830-1833) FAILED • Freedoms were restricted • German students and professors led the liberal/national charge  liberal constitutions • Crushed by the Germany Confederation

  13. Revolutions of 1848 • Similar conditions existed across Europe

  14. Revolutions of 1848: Republicanism

  15. Revolutions of 1848: Nationalism Resisted

  16. Revolutions of 1848: Liberalism Halted

  17. Revolutions of 1848: Victorian Compromise

  18. Why the Revolutions Failed

  19. Moving Forward

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