Revolutions and Unification

1. Revolutions and Unification Europe from 1815-1850

2. Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 • Revolutions break out in many nations • Caused by Liberals wanting changes • Industrial Revolution – low wage workers wanting changes • Intellectuals (teachers) wanting changes • Nationalism – people want to create new countries for their ethnic groups / nationalities

3. Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 • Almost all of these revolutions are unsuccessful • Liberal Revolutionaries can not agree on their goals • Conservatives are unified / more organized – thus monarchs stay in power

4. Lets look at some examples France – 1815-1850

5. France After Congress of Vienna • Louis XVIII installed as new king of France • Conservative – but also a realist • Agreed to keep French Parliament / Limited Monarchy • Nobody Happy • Liberals say he is not liberal enough • Conservatives want to go back to an Absolute Monarch

6. Charles X • Takes over after Louis XVIII dies in 1824 • Even more conservative than Louis • Wants an Absolute Monarchy again • Gets rid of Parliament • 1830 Passes the July Ordinances • No freedom of press • Restrictions on rights to vote • Liberals revolt against the July Ordinances • Charles forced to flee to England

7. Louis Phillip • “The Bourgeoisie Monarch” • Presents himself as more liberal • In reality, he must keep the support of conservatives. • Favors the wealthy / Upper middle class • Middle class gets right to vote • Against Socialism • 1848 – Liberals revolt – Led by Socialists • Factory Workers and Intellectuals (Professors)

8. Louis Blanc • 1848 - comes to power • Only lasts a few months • Socialist • Establishes “workhouses” • Government controlled businesses • Everyone guaranteed a job • “Busywork” type of jobs • Must raise taxes to pay for these workhouses • Middle Class (conservatives) revolts • Louis Flees to England

9. Louis Napoleon • Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte • Takes advantage of the family name • Elected, sets himself up as Emperor – just like his old uncle did • Passed some reforms • Male suffrage (voting) • Promotes railroads and work programs • Cracks down on dissent (disagreement) • Censors newspapers, professors, • Outlaws other political parties

10. Louis Napoleon • Tries to make France great again • Gains colonies in North and West Africa • Builds Suez Canal • Tries to gain Mexico • Unsuccessful • Gets involved in Crimean War against Russia • Does not get much out of it • Ends up in a war with Prussia in 1870 • Franco-Prussian War • Disaster for France • Loses Alsace and Lorraine territories

11. Great Britain (the paper revolution) 1820-1850s

12. Great Britain We are reversing a little…we will discuss the Industrial Revolution of England in greater depth in the next unit…but for now just know: GB was 1st to have industrial revolution And they became WEALTHY!!!!!

13. Great Britain With all the wealth of the industrial revolution came great inequalities THE GAP BETWEEN THE RICH AND POOR GREW!

14. Great Britain Out of the industrial revolution came new philosophy…called liberalism which supported gov’t protection of individual rights and civil liberties In Britain, the liberals brought revolutionary change to their society

15. Great Britain Liberal changes in GB – Suffrage and the Reform Bill of 1832 Factory Act 1833 (Enclosure Mov’t) Abolition of Slavery 1833 The Irish Question

16. Great Britain Liberal changes in GB – Suffrage – right to vote Reform Bill of 1832 addressed the voting restrictions Redistricted so it took seats away from underpopulated areas and gave more seats to the overpopulated cities Reduced property requirement which allowed workers/ poor people to vote New parties form Liberals vs. Conservatives

17. Great Britain Liberal changes in GB – Factory Act 1833 (Enclosure Mov’t)

18. Great Britain Liberal changes in GB – Factory Act 1833 (Enclosure Mov’t)

19. Great Britain Rights for workers- women and children Liberal changes in GB – Factory Act 1833 (Enclosure Mov’t)

20. Great Britain Liberal changes in GB – Abolition of Slavery 1833

21. Great Britain Potato famine 1845 Liberal changes in GB – The Irish Question Act of Union 1801 - Home rule question not solved

22. Great Britain Victorian Age

23. Great Britain Victorian Age

24. Benjamin Disraeli Wm Gladstone Great Britain Liberal changes in GB – Conservatives v Liberals

25. Next Up - Germany From 1815-1870 green book p 464-465, 537-540

26. Germany in 1815 • There is no Germany in 1815 • Just a collection of independent German kingdoms and principalities and baronies • Prussia is the largest and most powerful German kingdom • German states organized into a loose Confederation under the supervision of Austria

27. Obstacles to German Unity • Austria, France and Russia all feared a unified German would be a powerful threat • Smaller German states feared a unified Germany would mean Prussian control • Catholic German states in the south feared Protestant Lutheran states in the north would dominate

30. Prussian Leadership • A strong Prussian Army dominated the German states • Junkers (wealthy German Nobles) and Capitalists (businessmen) dominated the German Parliament • Prussian ownership of the Ruhr and its coal fields fueled the economic growth of Prussia during the Industrial Revolution

31. Prussian Leadership continued • Prussia was an authoritarian state. • Believed in Militarism • Strong army • Army would carry out the needs of the government

32. Germany 1848 • Liberals demand reforms. • Constitution • Workers rights • Revolt suppressed by Fredrick Wilhelm IV – emperor of Prussia • 1849 – German Parliament tries to unify German States into one country • Offer the crown of the new Germany to Fredrick Wilhelm IV. • He turns them down and disbands Parliament • German unification put on hold

33. Prussia under Bismarck • 1860s – Prussia led by Otto von Bismarck • Prime minister of Prussia • Unite Germany with “Blood and Iron” • Believed in “Realpolitik” • Politics of reality – not idealism. • Best way to unify people? • A good old fashioned war

34. Franco – Prussian War • Both Prussia and France saw war as a great way of uniting their populations in a common cause • Fought over – of all things- who should be king of Spain. (go figure) • Prussia wins big time • Emperor William I named Kaiser of a united Germany – dominated by Prussia • Bismarck turns Germany into an efficient, military and industrial giant.

35. Unification of Italy

36. Italy in early 1800s • Obstacles to Unity • Italy is a collection of separate kingdoms • Most kingdoms ruled by outside powers • Naples – Spain • Venice & Lombardy – Austria • Papal states – Pope / Church

38. The Leaders • Giuseppe Mazzini • The “soul” of Italian unity • Leads a secret nationalistic movement • “Young Italy Society” • Wanted unified Italy • Wanted Italy to be a democracy / republic • Viktor Emmanuel II and Camillo Cavour • Led the “Resorgimento” (revival) • Cavour is the “brains” behind the operation • King Victor Emmanuel is the “Heart”

40. 1848 Revolution • Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia stood up to Austria • Fought Austria to aid other Italian states under control of Austria • Lost – but gained the respect of all Italians • King of Piedmont forced out, but his son Viktor Emmanuel II and Cavour step in to take over – good move

42. 1859 Things looking up • France and Austria go to war. • Piedmont, allies with France. • When France wins, Piedmont gets Lombardy from Austria. • Piedmont now seen as most influential Italian kingdom. • People in other kingdoms rise up and join Piedmont. • Tuscany, Modena, Parma

43. Piedmont

44. Enter Garibaldi • Giuseppe Garibaldi • The “Sword” of Italian unity • Formed a volunteer army of nationalists • “1,000 Red Shirts” • Sailed to Sicily and took it over. • Sailed to Southern Italy • Moved up through Italy conquering and unifying • Ended up unifying nearly all of Italy

45. Garibaldi continued • Good general, lousy politician – and he knew it. • After unifying most of Italy, he turned control over to Viktor Emmanuel. • Knew Emmanuel was a better politician who could lead all of Italy • Not all is perfect – but Italy is beginning to look like the Italy we know today