Air law

1. Air law Air cadet ground school

2. Air law - topics • Aerodromes • Airspace • Canadian Airspace • Rules of the Air • Air Traffic Rules and Procedures

3. Aerodromes • Aerodrome: any area of land or water designed for the arrival , departure, movement and servicing of aircrafts and includes buildings, installations and equipment situated there. • Airport: any aerodrome in which a certificate is in force. • Aerodromes may be classified as for public use, private use, registered or military.

4. aerodromes • Aerodromes must have a certificate if: • It is located near a built up area or town • It is used by air carriers as a main base or for scheduled passenger carrying service • If the Minister feels it is in the public interest

5. Aerodromes • Movement Area: the parts of an aerodrome or airport used for the surface movement of aircraft. • Manoeuvring Area: the parts of an aerodrome or airport used for take off and landing and the movement of aircraft. • Apron: the area intended for loading and unloading of passengers and cargo, the refuelling, servicing, maintenance and parking of the aircraft, and the movement of aircraft and vehicles for the above mentioned tasks.

6. Aerodromes • Runway Numbering • Runway numbers are for convenience and identification. • Runway numbers are assigned due to its magnetic bearing in the Southern Domestic Airspace and true bearing in the Northern Domestic Airspace, rounded off to the nearest 10. We eliminate the last 0 for convenience. • Runway numbers are displayed at the approach end of each runway.

7. Aerodromes

8. Aerodromes • A runway running East and West would have 09 on the approach end of the runway orientated 090. The opposite end would be numbered 27 due to its bearing of 270. • Larger aerodromes may have more than one runway running in the same orientation. In this case the runway would be assigned a left or a right designator. Ex. 09R and 09L. Three runways would be 09R, 09C (for center) and 09L.

9. Aerodromes • Runway Markings • Cones or pyramid shaped markers line unpaved runways. • Evergreen trees line snow covered runways (more for Northern Canada) • Paved runways have painted lines.

10. Aerodromes • Runway markings • Centerline: white columns lining the middle of the runway. • Threshold: white lines running across the approach ends. • Displaced threshold: a threshold moved up because the beginning of the runway may be unsuitable for landing.

11. Aerodromes

12. Aerodromes

13. Aerodromes • Taxiway markings • Centerline: yellow line to indicate the center of the taxiway. • Hold lines: Yellow solid and dotted lines running across the taxiway to indicate where an aircraft is to hold short of the runway.

14. Aerodromes

15. Aerodromes • Unserviceable Markings • A large ‘X’, either white for a runway or yellow for a taxiway, at least 20 feet in length, displayed at each en of the runway or taxiway indicates that the runway or taxiway is unserviceable (closed).

16. Aerodromes • Wind Indicators • Windsock: • Elongates as wind speed increases • Straight windsock = 15kt wind or more • Sock on 30 downslope is a 6kt wind • Fluctuation wind sock is gusty conditions

17. Aerodromes • Wind Indicators • Tetrahedron: known as a wind T. Designed like an arrow with the small end pointing into the wind. Will only display wind direction and not speed.

18. Aerodromes • Aerodrome Lighting

19. aerodromes • For operations conducted at night we need lights at aerodromes. • Two parallel lines of white lights line the runways and need to be visible from at least 2 miles away. • Runway threshold lights will be green, while the end of the runway will be red.

20. aerodromes • Taxiway edges are lined with blue lights. • Airport beacons are white lights that rotate at a constant speed, flashing every 2 to 3 seconds and are visible for 10 miles on a clear night. • Obstruction lights are red lights used to mark tall building or towers that may be flight hazards. These lights may be steady or flashing, or have a white strobe light with them.

21. aerodromes • If an aerodrome is permanently closed, the operator will have all the markers and markings removed from the aerodrome. • Red flags or cones will be installed along the boundary of any unserviceable movement areas.

22. Aerodromes • The Circuit

23. Aerodromes • The Circuit • Upwind: the area opposite to the downwind leg. • Crosswind: lies across the center of the landing area to the downwind leg. • Downwind: the leg opposite to the direction of landing, which is parallel to and a half mile from the runway.

24. aerodromes • The Circuit • Base: leg perpendicular to landing, flown after the downwind leg. • Final: last leg, the approach to the runway.

25. aerodromes • NORDO: NO RaDiO. Aircraft is not capable of communicating via the radio. • RONLY: Receive ONLY. Aircraft can receive messages, but not transmit. Aircraft can rock wings to acknowledge an instruction. • Light signals are used to communicate with NORDO aircraft.

26. aerodromes • Light Signals to Aircraft on the Ground • Flashing Green: Cleared to Taxi • Steady Green: Cleared to Take Off • Flashing Red: Taxi clear of runway in use • Steady Red: Stop • Flashing White: Return to starting point on airport. • Blinking Runway Lights: Vehicles and Pedestrians are to vacate the runway immediately.

27. aerodromes • Light Signals to Aircraft in the Air • Steady Green: Cleared to Land • Steady Red or Red Flare: Do NOT Land. Continue in the circuit. Gentle turns only. • Flashing Green: Return for landing. • Flashing Red: Airport unsafe. Do NOT Land • Red Pyrotechnical: Do not land for the time being • Alternating Red and Green (US): Danger. Be on Alert.

28. Air law • Airworthiness • It is the pilots responsibility to ensure that Canadian registered aircraft are fit and safe prior to being flown. • Flight Permit: issued for experimental and specific purpose • Certificate of Airworthiness: signifies that the aircraft conforms to TC recognized design standards. • Annual Airworthiness Info Report: certifies that airworthiness info is correct.

29. Air law • Documentation • The following are required on board all aircraft: • Journey Log (if landing at another aerodrome) • Certificate of Airworthiness • Insurance • Personal Licences, Radio Licence and Medicals • Pilot Operating Handbook • Certificate of Registration Remember: JAILOR

30. Airspace • Canadian Domestic Airspace: All Airspace over the Canadian Land Mass and the Canadian Arctic and certain areas over the high seas. • Canadian Domestic Airspace is divided into two areas: • Northern Domestic Airspace • Southern Domestic Airspace

31. airspace • Northern Domestic Airspace: Airspace in close proximity to the North Pole. Due to the Earths magnetic field the compass is unreliable in this airspace. In general, this airspace is above the territories. • Southern Domestic Airspace: Airspace in the south, which is most areas of Canada. In general, this airspace is above the provinces.

32. Airspace • Altimeter Setting Region: Aircraft altimeter will be set to the nearest aerodrome. Same geographical areas as the Southern Domestic Airspace. • Standard Pressure Region: Northern Domestic Airspace region and all airspace 18000 feet and above. Altimeter is set to 29.92”Hg.

33. airspace • Sparsely Settled Areas: Geographical areas of Canada with few settlements. Flight in such sparsely settled areas requires special precautions and procedures because of limited navigation facilities, severe weather conditions, limited weather information, limited fuel supplies and limited servicing facilities.

34. airspace • High level airspace: All Canadian Domestic Airspace 18000 feet and above. • High level airspace is divided into three regions: • Southern Control Area • Northern Control Area • Arctic Control Area

35. airspace • Southern Control Area: same airspace as the southern domestic airspace. All traffic at and above 18000 feet is controlled. • Northern Control Area: the area from the northern limits of the SCA to the 72˚N parallel. All traffic at and above FL230 (23000 feet) is controlled. • Arctic Control Area: the area north of the NCA to the north pole. All traffic at and above FL270 (27000 feet) is controlled.

36. Airspace • Low Level Airspace: All Canadian Airspace below 18000 feet. Not all of this low level airspace is controlled.

37. Canadian Airspace • Class A Airspace • Only IFR flights are permitted in this airspace. • ATC separation provided to all aircraft. • All Controlled airspace between FL180 and FL060. • All flights require an ATC clearance to enter. • Aircraft must be IFR equipped and the pilot must be IFR rated. • Mode C Transponder Required.

38. Canadian Airspace • Class B Airspace • IFR and cVFR flights only. • ATC separation provided to all traffic. • All Controlled Low Level Airspace between 12500 and 17999 feet ASL. • ATC Clearance required to enter. • Aircraft must be capable of two way radio contact. • Mode C Transponder required.

39. Canadian Airspace • Class C Airspace • Controlled Airspace where both IFR and VFR aircraft are permitted. • Controlled Low Level Airspace from the surface to 12500 feet. • ATC Clearance required. • ATC separation provided to all IFR and only on request if work load permits to VFR. • Aircraft must be capable of two way radio contact. • Mode C Transponder Required.

40. Canadian Airspace • Class D Airspace • Controlled airspace where both IFR and VFR traffic is permitted. • Two Way radio communication required to enter. • ATC separation provided to IFR traffic only. • Certain Class D Airspace may require a mode C transponder. • NORDO aircraft permitted during the day so long as prior permission is attained by the ATC unit.

41. Canadian Airspace • Class E Airspace • Controlled Airspace which doesn’t require Class A through D requirements. • IFR and VFR permitted but ATC separation to IFR only. • No special requirements for VFR traffic. • Certain Class E Airspace may require a mode C transponder.

42. Canadian Airspace • Class F Airspace • Controlled or uncontrolled airspace. • Advisory or Restricted or Danger Airspace. • Temporary or Permanent. • Avoid this airspace. Prior permission is required if there is a need to fly through this airspace.

43. Canadian Airspace • Class F Airspace • Restricted Area: Flight is either completely prohibited or restricted to specific conditions. • Danger Area: Airspace in which activities may constitute a potential hazard to aircraft. • Alert Area: Area in which a high volume of flying training or unusual type of aerial activity is carried out. Flight within these areas is not prohibited but pilots should exercise extreme caution. • Military Flying Area: High level airspace reserved for military flying and testing exercises. Civilian aircraft are not allowed in these areas.

44. Canadian Airspace • Class G Airspace • Airspace which has not already been designated A through F. • ATC has no authority or responsibility for any aircraft in this airspace. • Uncontrolled Airspace.

45. Canadian Airspace

46. Rules of the Air • The Pilot in Command (PIC) is responsible for the operation and safety during flight time. • If there is any risk of collision, it is the responsibility of both PIC to take action to avoid collision. • When 2 aircraft are converging at approximately the same altitude, the PIC that of the aircraft that has the other aircraft on the right shall give way.

47. Rules of the Air • Right of Way Rules: • Power driven heavier than air aircraft shall give way to airships, gliders and balloons. • Airships give way to gliders and balloons. • Gliders give way to balloons • Power driven aircraft give way to aircraft towing gliders, other objects, or a slung load.

48. Rules of the Air Right of Way: Emergency over Glider over Balloon over Power Driven Heavier Than Air Aircraft Airship over

49. Rules of the Air • When 2 aircraft operating at different altitudes are converging, the PIC of the higher aircraft shall give way to the lower aircraft. • When 2 aircraft are approaching approximately head on, each pilot shall alter their heading to the right. • When overtaking an aircraft, the aircraft being overtaken has the right of way and the aircraft overtaking shall pass to the right.

50. Rules of the Air