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Constitutional Conflict under Richard II

Constitutional Conflict under Richard II. Richard II ( r . 1377-99) Extreme Measures 1386: “Wonderful” Parliament Impeachment of Favorites 1388: “Merciless” Parliament Lords Appellant in Charge Execution of Advisors (Treason) 1399: Royal Extortion & Fines

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Constitutional Conflict under Richard II

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  1. Constitutional Conflict under Richard II Richard II (r. 1377-99) Extreme Measures 1386: “Wonderful” Parliament Impeachment of Favorites 1388: “Merciless” Parliament Lords Appellant in Charge Execution of Advisors (Treason) 1399: Royal Extortion & Fines Seizure of Gaunt’s Lands Bolingbroke’s Allies Parliament’s Deposition (Richard II’s Abdication) Personal Relationship b/w King & Parlia. Combative if Arbitrary Cooperative if Just Richard II, Westminster Abbey

  2. Social & Economic Issues Demographics Agriculture & Commerce The Black Death Causes & Effects Long-term Impact The Great Revolt Religious Developments Widespread Lay, Clerical Piety Anticlericalism, Antipapalism Theological Divides National Consciousness & English Language Francophobia, War with France Economic & Religious Issues Popular Mysticism & Vernacular Bibles Black Death & Religious Life in the 14th Century Black Death Spread

  3. Social & Economic Issues Demographics 1300: c. 5 Million in England Cities (London), Towns (Norwich) Population Saturation Agriculture Food Supply (Bad Harvests, 1315-7) Strain on Livestock (Disease, 1319-21) The Great Famine, 1315-22 Climate Change (Cool/Wet; Seasons) Commerce Wool Markets Declining Finished Cloth Markets Expanding Taxation Rates (War in France) “Death” atop a Lion and “Fames” (Famine) Below. Erfurt, Germany

  4. The Black Death, 1347-9 Causes & Effects 3 Plagues: Bubonic, Pneumonic, Septicemic Black Rats, Fleas; Asia Merchant Ships, Spread from Italy Dorset, Aug. ‘48 London, Nov. ‘48; Norwich, Jan. ‘49 Towns Hit Hardest; Villages Emptying Out ‘48/9: 20%-40% English Decline Europe: 1/3 to 1/2 Long-term Impact Recurrences: ‘61-2, ‘68-9, ‘74-5, ‘78-9, ’90 . . . Less Strain on Land & Food Labor Shortages; Rise of Yeoman Farmer Potential for Wages, Decline in Villeinage Mass Grave, Spitalfields (London)

  5. The Great Revolt, 1381 Frozen Wages pre-Plague Nobility & Parliament; Class Conflict High Taxation (French War) “Poll” or Head Taxes Under Richard II May/June, ‘1381: Kent, Southeast Spread West and North Not Just Peasants (Some Gentry) Wat (Walter) Tyler & Priest John Ball When Adam delved & Eve span, Who then was the gentleman? Looting, Murder; Threat to Social Order Tyler’s End

  6. Religious Developments Widespread Lay, Clerical Piety Church Attendance; Uncertainty Education of the Clergy Anticlericalism, Antipapalism Economic Factors (Land, Wealth) Legal Issues (Jurisdiction) Investment (Papal Favorites) Avignon Papacy, 1309-78; France Theological Divides J. Duns Scotus, William of Ockham Reaction vs. Aquinas Strong vs. Papal Authority Ideas of Conciliarism Papal Palace, Avignon

  7. National Consciousness & English Language Francophobia War with France; English more Patriotic Parliament, Nobility, King Economic & Religious Issues William Langland, Piers Plowman Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales Social Commentaries Popular Mysticism Julian of Norwich, Margery Kempe Personal Experience Vernacular Bibles John Wyclif: Theologian, Critic Eucharist, Purgatory, Ceremonies English Suitable for Bible Julian of Norwich, Revelations

  8. Chaucer, General Prologue, 1-18 1  Whan that Aprill with his shouressoote :              When April with its sweet-smelling showers 2   The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,          Has pierced the drought of March to the root, 3 And bathed every veyne in swichlicour               And bathed every vein (of the plants) in such liquid 4     Of which vertuengendred is the flour;               By the power of which the flower is created; 5 WhanZephirus eek with his sweetebreeth               When the West Wind also with its sweet breath, 6 Inspired hath in every holt and heeth               In every holt and heath, has breathed life into 7 The tendrecroppes, and the yongesonne               The tender crops, and the young sun 8 Hath in the Ram his half coursyronne,               Has run its half course in Aries, 9 And smalefowelesmakenmelodye,               And small fowls make melody, 10   That slepen al the nyght with open ye               Those that sleep all the night with open eyes 11      (So priketh hem Nature in hircorages),               (So Nature incites them in their hearts), 12  Thannelongen folk to goon on pilgrimages,               Then folk long to go on pilgrimages, 13 And palmeres for to sekenstraungestrondes, And professional pilgrims (long) to seek foreign shores, 14 To fernehalwes, kowthe in sondrylondes;               To (go to) distant shrines, known in various lands; 15 And specially from every shires ende               And specially from every shire's end 16 Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende,               Of England to Canterbury they travel, 17 The hoolyblisfulmartir for to seke,               To seek the holy blessed martyr, 18 That hem hath holpenwhan that they were seeke.               Who helped them when they were sick.

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