Lesson 12

1. Part 1: Map Quiz Part 2: Nationalism Part 3: International Organizations Theme: The effect of globalization on the power of the nation-state Lesson 12

2. Map Quiz Lesson 12

4. Part 2: Nationalism Lesson 12

5. Thirty Years’ War (We talked about this in Lesson 3) • From 1618-1648, Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Swedish, Danish, Polish, Bohemian, and Russian forces fought the Thirty Years’ War over political, economic, and, especially, religious differences • It was the most destructive European conflict before the 20th Century • One-third of the German population was killed • In order to avoid tearing their society apart, European states ended the war with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

6. Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Laid the foundation for a system of independent, sovereign states • All states agreed to regard each other as sovereign and equal • They mutually recognized their rights to organize their own domestic affairs, including religious affairs • States would conduct their own political and diplomatic affairs according to their own interests Detail from a painting of the oathtaking of the Peace of Westphalia by Gerard Terborch (1617-1681)

7. Nation-state • “A political unit consisting of an autonomous state inhabited predominantly by a people sharing a common culture, history, and language.” • Sometimes called “Westphalian states”

8. Tension of Globalization • Governments still operate on the basis of the territorially delineated state as proclaimed by the Peace of Westphalia, but, as the world’s nations and people become increasingly interdependent, nations are being pressured to surrender portions of their sovereignty

9. Decline of the Nation State • “Erosion from above” • International problems and the growth of international organizations that try to solve them • The global economy • “Erosion from below” • Internal ethnic, racial, cultural, and linguistic tensions • Exacerbated by weak national economies • The result is that “national governments spend more and more of their time, energy, and money simply reacting; reacting to problems or crises, to challenges both from above and below, and to agendas set by others.” • Olin Robinson, Vermont Public Radio

10. Part 3: International and Non-governmental Organizations Lesson 12

11. Tension of Globalization • Traditional nation-states have difficulties handling problems of a global magnitude • A plethora of nongovernmental international organizations that do not respect territorial boundaries and are beyond the reach of national governments have sprung up to try to tackle the problem

12. Terms • International Governmental Organization (IGO) • An association of sovereign states or other intergovernmental organizations that is established by a treaty • Often develops a common “external” policy that has behind it all the forces of persuasion the organization can muster • Sometimes the policy may conflict with the interests of a single member’s state • Non-governmental organization (NGO) • An association of individuals that acts outside of institutionalized political structures and pursues matters of interest to its members by raising awareness, lobbying, persuasion, or direct action

13. Some NGOs and their Agendas • Red Cross • Relieve suffering to wounded soldiers and prisoners of war • Greenpeace • Preserve the earth’s natural resources and animal and plant life • Amnesty International • Ensure human rights

14. Some IGOs and their Agendas • United Nations • Maintain international peace and security • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) • Early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management, and post-conflict rehabilitation within its region

15. NGOs and the “New Diplomacy” • With the end of the Cold War, the US became the world’s only superpower • “But a funny thing happened on the way to American supremacy. No sooner had the United States won the bipolar superpower game than the rules of international law and politics began to change.” • Thousands of NGOs have succeeded in getting their issues to the top of the diplomatic agenda and taken advantage of technology and communications improvements to change the methods by which international decisions are made • “The mantle of international leadership is no longer conferred by economic and military power alone; instead, the power of ideas, and how they are communicated and marketed, has come to the fore.” • David Davenport, “The New Diplomacy”

16. Case Study: The Ottawa Convention • Throughout the 1990s, concern mounted over the use of land mines • Land mines left in place after fighting stopped in Cambodia, Afghanistan, Angola, Nicaragua, Bosnia, and elsewhere were continuing to claim victims, many of which were children Cambodia land mine victim

17. Case Study: The Ottawa Convention • Traditionally such an agenda was handling by international arms control and disarmament experts • The U.N. Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and the U.N. Conference on Disarmament in Geneva were working toward international agreements limiting land mines • Some thought the traditional process was going too slowly and a new NGO, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) decided a new approach was needed

18. Case Study: The Ottawa Convention • The ICBL acted as the “master NGO” for a group of over 1,000 NGOs from more than 60 countries • A small core group of states, led by Canada, provided the necessary element of state leadership • Canadian Foreign Minister Lloyd Axworthy told the delegates in Ottawa the goal was to have a treaty in 15 months Lloyd Axworthy

19. Case Study: The Ottawa Convention • Usually international negotiations seek consensus, if not unanimity • The ICBL and its cohorts felt this would be destined to accepting the lowest common denominator and they felt too passionately about the subject to settle for that • Instead these negotiations required a 2/3 majority vote rather than consensus • Less national participation would be accepted in order to keep the central content of the proposals intact

20. Case Study: The Ottawa Convention • The NGOs waged what Axworthy called “the mobilization of shame” using faxes, email, cell phones, and displays to strengthen their message and ridicule opposition • The US was left on the sidelines and by the time it recovered the momentum was strongly with the NGOs • US reservations to the treaty were never seriously considered and the US, along with China and Russia, had no choice but to not sign the treaty American Jody Williams and the ICBL shared the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to ban anti-personnel land mines

21. Case Study: Kosovo • Serbian military and police forces were systematically cleansing Kosovo of its ethnic Albanian population Camp Stenkovich II in Macedonia held approximately 20,000 refugees.

22. Case Study: Kosovo • On March 24, 1999, NATO initiated Operation Allied Force in order to • Stop the Serb offensive in Kosovo, • Force a withdrawal of Serb troops from Kosovo, • Allow democratic self-government in Kosovo, • Allow a NATO-led international peacekeeping force into Kosovo, and • Allow the safe and peaceful return of Kosovar Albanian refugees.

23. Case Study: Kosovo • On June 9, 1999, Serbia agreed to a Military Technical Agreement ended the 11-week war • One June 12, KFOR entered Kosovo • On February 12, 2002 former Serbian President Milosevic went on trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague • He died while on trial

24. Case Study: Kosovo • From an international law perspective, OAF got mixed reviews • It violated traditional principles of nonintervention and nonaggression • It could set a precedent for using military force for humanitarian reasons • It represented the use of force by a regional organization (NATO) without UN Security Council authorization

25. Next • Mid-term Exam