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Environmental Issues in the Mekong Region

Environmental Issues in the Mekong Region. Chavalit Vidthayanon Senior Aquatic Ecology Specialist Environment Program, MRCS.

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Environmental Issues in the Mekong Region

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  1. Environmental Issues in the Mekong Region ChavalitVidthayanon Senior Aquatic Ecology Specialist Environment Program, MRCS

  2. Objective: Management and Development in the Lower Mekong Basin is guided by up to date environmental and social knowledge andefficient environmental management cooperation mechanisms Outcomes Monitoring, assessment and reporting Environmental management mechanisms Response to emerging environmental issues Capacity building, awareness raising and partnerships Environment Programme

  3. Design of activities Develop and test methods Implement on activities Dissemination 2010: publishing methods handbook, identification books and educational materials on biomonitoring 2003: Selection of biological groups Benthic diatoms; Zooplankton; Littoral macroinvertebrates; Benthic macroinvertebrates 2007: Site evaluation using biological metrics • 2008: Data collection 2010-15 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010: National Teams continue biomonitoring activities 2009: Data analysis and reporting 2004-07: Testing of biological metrics MRC Roadmap for Environment Monitoring

  4. Ecosystem Health Monitoring (EHM) 2011 41 sampling sites in the Lower Mekong Basin Environmental variable monitoring

  5. EHM 2011 Bioindicators Benthic invertebrates Zooplankton

  6. Littoral invertebrates

  7. Benthic Diatom

  8. Dissemination • 2010: National Teams continue biomonitoring activities • 2011: Publishing • Handbook of Biomonitoring in the Lower Mekong (including national dissemination workshop) • Macroinvertebrate reference collections for NMCs and MRCS • Identification books for diatom and zooplankton • 2011: National biomonitoring survey

  9. Concept and Roadmapfor knowledge transfer • Target stakeholders whose knowledge should be transferred; • National line agencies • University and research institutions • School and children • Local people at sites • Non-Government Organizations/ Non-Profit Organizations • Volunteers

  10. Results of Mekong Water Quality (2010-2011)

  11. EHM 2011 Results Class A (Excellent) Class B (Good) Class C (Moderate) Class D (Poor)

  12. Geography of the Mekong basin Mekong water fed by Himalayan snow and tropical monsoon Seasonal flooding areas

  13. Biophysical features of the Mekong basin Annual Precipitation (rainfalls) Forests and Land-use

  14. Biodiversity Hotspot in LMB Chiangsaen-Bo Kaew Kut ting-Bung Khong Long Lower Songkram basin Pha taem-Phu Xiangthong Khone Fall-Kratie Xe Kong, Xe Pian Srepok basin Tonle Sap/ Great Lake system Southern Cambodian Mekong-The Delta Biodiversity Hotspot/ important wetland Trans-boundary Biodiversity Hotspot U Minh-Tram Chim-Lang Sen

  15. Mekong basin: one of Global Freshwater Fish and shellfish Biodiversity Hotspots and Endemism Areas • At least 1118 fish species with 305 only in the Mekong basin • 200 crabs and shrimps • >130 species snails, clams World Atlas of Biodiversity (2002)

  16. FromSo Nam and Eric Baran, FISH AND FISHERIES OF TONLE SAP GREAT LAKE, CAMBODIA.Sustaining Fisheries Diversity, Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Mekong Basin Ubon Ratchathani University 03-05th September From 46 families Ca. 10 families, most species are Cichlids

  17. การอพยพของปลา ในน้ำโขง Fish Migrations More than 300 species are Migratory both short and long distant ขึ้น พค-มิย ลง กค-ตค

  18. ฤดูกาลที่แตกต่างSeasonal Habitat Switching Riverine benthic Grey fishes ปลาขาวWhite fishes Clear rocky streams and islands Turbid torrent river Kratie-Stung Treng Freshwater Ecoregion

  19. Biotic Key Environmental Asset (KEA) of LMB Flora/vegetation Reptiles/amphibian Fish & shellfish Odonata (dragon-damsel flies Alien species

  20. Exploited ~7,000,000 water snakes of 10 species annually, from the Cambodian Great Lake to the Delta (from Brook, Allison & Reynolds, 2007) • Utilization • Meat • Hides • Feedmealfor crocodile farms • Exported to China (whole) • Thailand (hides)

  21. Water plants ; useful for food, livestock feed, medicine, tools and handicraft

  22. Over 250 Fishing gears/methods within the Mekong Basinwide Ethno-Diversity

  23. Sentinel species Riverine Indicator Sensitive species larger spp. Long migratory spp. Fishing impact Ecological impact Tolerant/small and Alien species

  24. Indicators from Local Livelihoods Dominate replacement of farm/alien species indicate degradations of the habitats: as well as abandon of local fishing gears/ knowledge

  25. Sources of stress Stress sources identified by the grey literature review include: • Unsustainable practices (eg. overfishing, habitat destruction) • Demographic pressures (eg. population growth) • Conversion of land to other uses • Pollution and water quality and quantity (eg. use of pesticide in some cases, drying up of some small stream in the dry season) • Natural variability (eg. floods, droughts)

  26. Habitat loss ภาวะคุกคามThreats to the MekongBiodiversity การจับมากปลาเกิน Overfishing สัตว์-พืชต่างถิ่น Invasive Alien ภูมิอากาศเปลี่ยนแปลง Climate Change Modified fromMala Ram, 2008 SRLI Freshwater Fish Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London

  27. Arrow-shape fence trap in Tole Sap lake Gigantic scale fisheries Thanks for your coming FromSo Nam and Eric Baran, FISH AND FISHERIES OF TONLE SAP GREAT LAKE, CAMBODIA.Sustaining Fisheries Diversity, Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Mekong Basin Ubon Ratchathani University 03-05th September

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