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The Challenges of the Internet of Nano Things

The Challenges of the Internet of Nano Things. Sasitharan Balasubramaniam ( Sasi ) ( sasi.bala@tut.fi ) Nano Communication Centre Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Tampere University of Technology. Outline. Nanotechnology Nanomachines Nano Communications

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The Challenges of the Internet of Nano Things

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  1. The Challenges of the Internet of Nano Things Sasitharan Balasubramaniam (Sasi) (sasi.bala@tut.fi) Nano Communication Centre Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Tampere University of Technology

  2. Outline • Nanotechnology • Nanomachines • Nano Communications • Molecular Communications • Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) • Applications of IoNT • Plans for Horizon2020

  3. Nanotechnology • Concept was first proposed by Richard Feyman in 1959 in his nobel prize acceptance speech • “Plenty of room at the bottom” • Nanotechnology are devices on the scale of the order of one billionth of a meter(10-9) • Example materials: Graphene, Nanocrystallites, Nanoparticles • Numerous healthcare applications • Improved monitoring of chronic diseases • Accurate drug delivery • Nanorobots that can perform surgery • Other applications include Aeronautics, Environmental Science

  4. Nanomachine to treat cancer http://www.rsc.org • Issue with current chemotherapy is that drugs kill good cells • Aim – deliver drug to targeted areas • Cut the dosage down by hundred – thousand times • Developed at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) • Honeycomb nanostructure that holds the drug particles • Valves releases particles. Numerous approaches: • Chemical agent • Light

  5. DNA Nanorobot http://wyss.harvard.edu • Developed at Wyss Institute • Robotic device developed from DNA • DNA origami – 3D shapes created from folding DNA • Two halves connected with a hinge, and shut using DNA latches • The latches can be designed to recognize certain cell proteins and disease markers • Hold molecules with encoded instructions (antibody fragments) • Used on two types of cancer cells (leukemia and lymphoma)

  6. Problems and Challenges • Scale of nanodevices allows us to…. • Reach hard to access areas….. • Access vital information at a whole new level (molecular information)….. • Devices of the future will be built from nanomaterials • Limitation – limited functionalities!! • Communication and networking between nanomachines would further advance their capabilities and functionalities

  7. What is the answer…..???

  8. Nano Communications! • Two broad Areas………… • Electromagnetic (EM) Nano Communications • Molecular Communications

  9. Molecular Communication Bacteria I. F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blasquez, “Nanonetworks: A New Communication Paradigm”, Computer Networks, 52, 2008 Nanomachine • Sender nanomachines encode information into information molecules (e.g. DNA, proteins, peptides) • Information can be transmitted through diffusion or active transport • Ability to create communication systems and networks using biological components and processes that are found in nature • Interdisciplinary research (nanotechnology, communication technology, biochemistry, molecular biology)

  10. Diffusion-based Molecular Communications I. F. Akyildiz, J.M. Jornet, M. Pierobon,,"Nanonetworks: A New Frontier in Communications," Communications of the ACM, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 84-89, November 2011. • Communication is performed through diffusion of molecules • Information is embedded into the molecules • Ideally this is suited to fluidic medium

  11. Bacteria Communication Nanonetworks (1) Mess. 1 Mess. 2 M. Eisenbach, “Bacterial Chemotaxis”, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2001 Bacteria can swim – possible attraction through the process of chemotaxis Chemoattractant λRandom B A 20μm λBiased L. C. Cobo-Rus, I. F. Akyildiz, "Bacteria-based Communication in Nanonetworks", Nano Communication Networks, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 244-256, December 2010. Bacteria can hold genetic information (plasmids)

  12. DTN Bacteria Nanonetworks Chemoattractant Emitter 3 3 3 Bacteria with transferred message Chemoattractant Bacteria conjugation point 2 2 2 1 1 Relay Node 1 (c) (b) (a) Sasitharan Balasubramaniam, Pietro Lio’, Multi-hop Conjugation based Bacteria Nanonetworks, IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, vol. 12, no. 1, March 2013. Opportunistic multi-hop routing in bacteria nanonetworks using chemotaxisand conjugation. Each Bacteria is akin to a mobile node.

  13. Smart Organ www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk www.explainingthefuture.com • Through tissue engineering we can develop various body parts • Tissues -> Organs (skin, bone) • Using nanomaterial scaffolds, we can grow cells on the scaffold into tissue • Utilizing 3D bioprinting to develop organs • Challenge – integration to the existing system within the body • Integrate sensors into the tissue (Smart tissue) • Robert Langer (BBC, October 2013)

  14. Internet of Things Environmental Sensors BAN • Physical Interconnection of devices, objects……integrated with virtual interconnection of services • A large number of these devices are MINITIARIZED devices (sensors, BAN)!!!

  15. Internet of NANO Things Environmental Sensors BAN • MORE MINITIARIZED -> Interconnection of devices at Nanoscale AND connection to the wider Internet

  16. IoNT Architecture Services Layer Context Management layer Micro-gateway Micro- gateway nano-sensors on clothings Query routing Molecular nanonetworks nano-sensors Phone surface sensors – nano-sensors EM – nano communication nano-sensors Nano-sensors For environmental monitoring Sweat Blood Chemicals Pathogens Allergens

  17. Nano Sensors Micro Sensors Raw Data Molecular Communication IoNT Challenges: Context Models Temperature BAN BAN2 Nano-sensor Data Collection Services Application Services Pressure Bacteria Nanonets Accelerometer Calcium Signaling Micro-Context Micro-Context Contains Smart Home Contains Bio medical Smart Office Ontology User Profile Gene Ontology Activity Medical Condition Context Inference and Deduction Context Broker Context Processing PerformingAt LocatedAT Contains Context Model Device Nano Sensors Location Mobile Phone EM nano Contains X-value Contains Shopping Env. Y-value Service Directory Z-value Nano Sensors Bio nano-sensor Cross domain ontologies Ontologies and Knowledge base Cross domains of heterogeneous knowledge bases (b) (a)

  18. IoNT Challenges: Service Models Application Services A Micro-Context ServiceComposition”Molecular Nets” ServiceComposition”EM Nanonets” Data Collection Services A2 Micro-Context ContextInteraction ContextInteraction Micro-Context Molecular Communications Data Collection Services A1 • Multitude of nanodevices and micro-gateways • Big data from nanoscale sensors and networks • New distributed service models (lightweight services) EM Nanonets

  19. Applications (1): Body Area NanoNetworks (BAN2) Nucleus Cell Message biomolecule • New healthcare monitoring approaches • BAN -> BAN2 • Heterogeneous molecular communication networks • Short range (Calcium signalling) • Medium range (Bacteria) • Long range (Hormones) Long range transmission Nucleus Nucleus Cell Enzyme protocols Nucleus Cell Cell Micro-gateway Nucleus Cell Synthetic Nanosensor Short range transmission Nucleus Cell Baris Atakan, Ozgur B. Akan, Sasitharan Balasubramaniam, Body Area NanoNetworks with Molecular Communications in Nanomedicine, IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2012.

  20. Applications (2): Smart Cities • Smart Agriculture • Contamination control • Urban agriculture • (hydroponics) • Smart Water • Contamination control • Infrastructure monitoring (smart pipes) • Smart Energy • Monitoring of renewable energy infrastructure • ( graphene-based solar panels) • Monitoring of biofuel production • Smart Transport • Pollution control

  21. EU FET Project Plan (1) • Coordinated Support Action (FET OPEN2 - September 2014) Planned submission September 2014 (7 partners including TSSG - WIT, Ireland (coordinator); Koc, Turkey, TUT (Finland)........ • FET Open (FET OPEN1 - September 2014): Internet of Bacteria Things • Collaborator: Prof. Ozgur B. Akan, Koc University • Partners: University of Helsinki (Finland), Tampere University of Technology (Finland), Koc University (Turkey), University of Cambridge (UK), Tyndall Institute (Ireland) • Objective: To realize a simple bacteria nanonetwork that interfaces to the Internet (software services) • Bridge ICT to Molecular Biology World. Linking communication of behaviour of bacteria to the software services in Telecommunications. • Bacteria communication will be conducted through wet lab experiments (Univ. of Helsinki).

  22. EU FET Project Plan (2) Services Services Services Microgateway Bacteria

  23. Conclusion • Basics of Nanotechnology • Examples of Nanomachines • Nano Communication • Electro-magnetic Nano Communications • Molecular Communications • Internet of Nano Things • Body Area Nanonetworks • Smart Cities Applications • Plans for Horizon2020

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