Sanitation in Emergencies

1. Sanitation in Emergencies Module 2 – Session 1 Understand what is sanitation 理解何为卫生 Understand how to select the right option for excreta disposal理解如何正确地处理排泄物处理方法 Be familiar with different technical options for excreta disposal in emergencies 熟悉在应急状态下处理排泄物的不同技术选择 Be familiar with the Emergency Response Equipment for sanitation 熟悉卫生应急响应设备 Construct an emergency latrine! 建设应急厕所!

2. Sanitation in Emergency应急卫生 1.Excreta disposal 排泄物处理 2.Solid waste management 固体废弃物处理 3.Waste water management (drainage) 污水管理（排水系统） 4. Vector control

3. What is dangerous about faeces?粪便的危害 • Primary sanitary barriers • 影响卫生情况的主要因素 • Toilets厕所 • Hand-washing (critical times)洗手（关键时期） • Water treatment and water handling净水与水处理 • Food hygiene食品卫生

4. Pathogen Die Off Time in faeces粪便中病原体死亡时间 4

5. Rapid assessment & planning design快速评估&计划设计 Implementation执行: 1st phase – Immediate action第一阶段—快速行动 In-depth assessment & planning design深入评估&计划设计 Implementation执行: 2nd phase – medium term action第二阶段—中期行动 Monitoring 监督 How do we do excreta disposal in a emergency?应急过程中，如何处理排泄物？

6. Sphere Standards and Indicators 全球标准和指标 SPHERE standard 1: access to and numbers of toilets 人道主义宪章标准1：可用厕所数量 People have sufficient numbers of toilets, sufficiently close to their dwellings to allow them rapid, safe and acceptable access at all times of the day and night. 厕所数量足够，并尽可能地接近人们的住处，以便于他们能够全天候地安全、方便地使用厕所

7. Sphere Standards and Indicators全球标准和指标 SPHERE standard 2 design and construction 人道主义宪章标准2:设计和建设 People have access to toilets which are designed, constructed and maintained in such a way as to be comfortable, hygienic and safe to use. 人们拥有便于使用的厕所，厕所的设计、建设和维护应该本着舒适、卫生、安全使用的原则

8. Austrian RC in Batagram (Pakistan) EQ Operation Considerations and information they need for construction and design of latrine to be comfortable, hygienic and safe to use?

9. Considerations 选择标准 • Number of people using latrine and location of people 使用厕所的人数和居住地 • Communal or family公共或家庭（厕所） • Elderly/disabled population老人/残疾人口 • Design life: - will population move? 设计使用期：-应考虑人口是否有迁移 • Space厕所的大小 • Comfort and community desires厕所的舒适性和大众意愿 • Tradition of latrine use in community 考虑社区人们使用厕所的习惯 • Privacy隐私问题 and security • Use of water/reuse of faeces – availability of water? 水的使用/粪便的再利用- 水的供应是否便利？ • Anal cleansing material (amount of water used) 便后清洁物品（用水的量） • Menstruation考虑女性月经周期 • Availability of local materials and tools当地材料和工具的可利用性

10. Considerations (cont.) 选择标准（续） • Pit size 便池的尺寸 V = (NxSxD)/1000 + 0.5 m of free space x A N = number of users使用人数; S = Sludge accumulation污物累积量(m3立方米/person人/year年); D= design life设计使用期(years年）A= pit-base area便池面积(m2平方米) • Groundwater地下水 • Not all designs suitable for high groundwater 不是所有 的设计都适合高水位的地下水 • Usually 99% of pathogens destroyed within 2m of unlined pit in unconsolidated soils if above water table 如果在水位以上，2米内疏松土质中的单个便池中，99%的病菌通常都会被消灭 • If in saturated zone then contamination spread is HORIZONTAL (usually) up to 15m 在饱和区污染物的扩散通常可达到水平方向15米的地方 • Soil conditions 土壤条件 • Soil stability土壤的稳定性 • Influence if a pit or soak pit is possible to excavate土壤可能影响粪池或浸泡池的挖掘 • Watch for effects throughout the seasons在各个季节进行观察 • Infiltration rate渗入率

11. Considerations (cont.) 选择标准（续） • Siting选址 • Communal latrines good distance (30m) away from dwellings and down wind if possible公共厕所最好是距离居住点30米，尽可能处于下风处 • Family latrines near to dwelling (6m)家用厕所接近居住点（5米） • Away from water sources (see groundwater) 远离饮用水源（视地下水情况而定） • Avoid depressions, water courses that might run with water 避开洼地水道,可能会携带污水运行 • DISCUSS with community与社区讨论 • Space for additional latrines为额外厕所预留空间 • Safety and accessibility (Lighting, Location, Distance, Screening, Design - separate M/W/Children - ) 安全和近便（照明，位置，距离，筛选，设计- 男/女/儿童分离） • Operation and maintenance 运行和维护 • Construction of hand washing facilities 洗手设施的建设 • Time constraints时间限制 • Financial constraints 财力制约 • Human Resources人力资源

12. Technical options技术选择 4-6 weeks 星期 1-6 months 月 disaster • Immediate action快速行动 • 1st phase Acute emergency • 第一部分 紧急阶段 • Open defecation fields • 露天排便地点 • Shallow trench latrines • 浅槽厕所 • Deep trench latrine深槽厕所 • Shallow family latrines • 浅槽家庭厕所 • Bucket latrine桶厕 • Packet latrine • 包式厕所 • Chemical toilets化学厕所 • Control free defecation • 控制随便排泄 • Communal facilities公用设施 • Community consultation社区咨询 • Medium term action中期行动 • 2nd phase stabilized emergency • 第二部分 稳定阶段 • Simple pit latrine简易坑式厕所 • VIP latrine 専用厕所 • Pour-flush latrines 冲水厕所 • EcoSan (Ecological Sanitation) • 生态厕所 • Borehole latrine 钻孔厕所 • Septic tanks 化粪池 • Family facilities 家庭设施 • Community participation • 社区参与

13. Latrine components – basics厕所组件-基础 • Privacy and dignity • 隐私和尊严 • Roof is essential in areas with high rainfall • 在多雨区，顶盖特别重要 • Door / spiral-shaped entrance • 门/旋转式入口 • < 1 m2 is recommended 建议小于1平方米 • Frame: timber, PVC pipe, • 框架：木材，pvc管 • Fitted with plastic sheeting, local materials • 配有塑料薄膜，就地取材 • User’s involvement in design • 使用者参与设计 Superstructure上部构造 • Support weight of a person • 能支持一个人的体重 • Easy to clean 便于清洁 • Prefabricated or manufactured locally • 预制或本地制造 • Concrete, wood, ferrocement or plastic • 混凝土，木头，钢丝网水泥或塑料 Slab厚板 • 1 m across and 3 m deep (minimum 0.9 m diameter) • 1米宽，3米深（最小直径0.9米） • Best shape: circular 最佳形状：圆形 • The top 0.5 m of a pit should be always lined (but depend of soil) • 距顶部0.5米的厕坑常加内护层（但取决于土壤） • Different pit lining material: locally available • 不同厕坑内护层材料：采用当地具有的材料 Pit厕坑

14. Communal or Family? 公共或家庭（设施） Family facilities:家庭设施 Usually designed and built by the users (with or without designs, tools and materials provided by others). They may be used by several families. The latrine belongs to the family / ies. 通常由使用者设计和建造（可能由他人协助进行设计，提供工具和材料）。 厕所可以由几个家庭共用。厕所归属一家或者几家 Communal facilities:公共设施 Managed by the community as a shared resource (market, school, etc.). The facility belong to the community. 作为共享资源由社区进行管理（市场，学校等） 设施归公共所有。

15. Sanitation Ladder卫生梯 15

16. Open Defecation fields 露天排便场所 WHEREVER POSSIBLE AVOID DEFECATION FIELDS AND INSTALL TRENCH LATRINES AS FIRST OPTION 无论何处尽可能要避免在露天场所排便，壕沟厕所应作为首选

17. Shallow trench latrine 浅槽厕所

18. Deep trench latrine深槽厕所

19. Pit latrine and VIP 专用坑式厕所

20. Pour-Flush latrine 冲水厕所

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26. Exercise – latrine design 练习-厕所的设计 In your group think about the positive and negative aspects of this design (10 min) 在小组里，思考这个设计的优点和缺点（10分钟） Source: OXFAM. Photographer: Saira Raza

27. Which one would you use?你会使用哪个？

28. Operation and Maintenance操作和维护 • Cleaning: Supervision + Equipment + Training 清洁：监督+设备+培训 • Communal latrines: Need for employing some members to clean and maintain 公共厕所：需要雇佣一些人员进行清洁和维护 • Ownership: Involving population in design, siting, construction, maintenance, etc. 所有权：在设计、选址、建设、维护等方面要涉及到人口。 • Family latrines家庭厕所 • Cleaning materials: cleaning kit (disinfectants, mops, rags, buckets, gloves, etc) 清洁用品：清洁工具（消毒剂、拖把、抹布、水桶、手套等）

29. Handwashing Facilities 洗手设备 • Providing handwashing facilities is easier said than done, especially in a large area. 提供洗手设备说起来容易，做起来难，特别是在大面积地方 • Work with your team to chose the right technology (jug, tippy tap, etc) and establish a system of keeping water available 和你的团队一起选择正确的技术（罐、尖水龙头等）并建立一个能确保水源供应的系统。

30. Emergency Response Equipment for Sanitation卫生应急响应设备 • Standard-size squatting plate (1200 mm x 800 mm) 标准尺寸的蹲板（1200毫米x800毫米）

31. Rapid Latrine 快速简易厕所

32. SanPlat Mould Box 厕所踏板模具箱 http://www.sanplat.com