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The Struggle Intensifies

The Struggle Intensifies. The Civil Rights Movement 21.3. Sit-ins Challenge Segregation. CORE created the sit-in, a technique in which a group of CORE members simply sat down at a segregated lunch counter or other public place If refused service they stayed

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The Struggle Intensifies

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  1. The Struggle Intensifies The Civil Rights Movement 21.3

  2. Sit-ins Challenge Segregation • CORE created the sit-in, a technique in which a group of CORE members simply sat down at a segregated lunch counter or other public place • If refused service they stayed • Often the targets of racial violence • Sit-ins worked: forced business owners to decide between serving protestors or risking disruption and loss of business

  3. The Freedom Rides • Supreme Court expanded its ban on segregation of buses to include bus station waiting rooms and restaurants • CORE and SNCC organized the “Freedom Rides” • a test to see if the South would obey the Supreme Court ruling

  4. Freedom Rides • Riders met violence • 13 freedom riders departed from Washington in 1961 • Anniston, Alabama a heavily armed white mob met the first bus • More Freedom Riders joined and the movement pushed on

  5. National Reactions • Photographs of the smoldering bus in Anniston horrified the country • Violence continued for the riders in Birmingham and Montgomery • Volunteers were arrested • new volunteers replaced them - also arrested

  6. National Reactions • Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders • RFK pressured the Interstate Commerce Commission to prohibit segregation in all interstate transportation (trains, planes, and buses)

  7. Integration at “Ole Miss” • The NAACP filed a lawsuit claiming that an AA student’s application was turned down on racial grounds • The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the NAACP • Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett personally blocked the way to the admissions office

  8. Integration at “Ole Miss” • President Kennedy sent federal marshals to accompany Meredith to campus • Cowards of angry white protesters destroyed vehicles and violence broke out • Tear gas used, JFK had to send troops to restore order

  9. Clash in Birmingham • The head of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, invited Marin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC to visit in 1963 • King called it, “the most segregated city in America” • King and others planned boycotts in downtown stores and local churches • Birmingham police commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor, had MLK jailed

  10. From Birmingham Jail • Some white clergy criticized the campaign as an ill-timed threat to law and order • King responded from his cell with a “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

  11. From Birmingham Jail… • When King was released, he organized a march of both adults and young people • Police commissioner arrested more than 900 young people • Policed used high-pressured fire hoses, police dogs, and clubs on the protestors

  12. The Nation Watches • The nation watched the violence in Birmingham with shock • Many moderates began to be sympathetic to the civil rights movement • Compromise reached: • desegregate the city facilities • fairer hiring practices • Success in Birmingham was just one example of how nonviolent protest could work

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