1 / 56

Energy Environment Economy: Motivation for Energy Efficient Manufacturing

Energy Environment Economy: Motivation for Energy Efficient Manufacturing. Kelly Kissock Ph.D., P.E. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Renewable and Clean Energy Program University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio. What on Earth Are These?. World Energy Use. World Population.

emmet
Download Presentation

Energy Environment Economy: Motivation for Energy Efficient Manufacturing

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Energy Environment Economy:Motivation for Energy Efficient Manufacturing Kelly Kissock Ph.D., P.E. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Renewable and Clean Energy Program University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio

  2. What on Earth Are These? World Energy Use World Population World Gross Income

  3. Converting Heat to Work Since pre-history we knew how to: Work Heat Industrial Revolution to: Work Heat

  4. Newcomen’s Steam Engine~1712

  5. Revolutionary Change Transforms • Economy: textile production increases 150 fold and prices drop 90% • Place: cities grow from 5% to 50% • Family: parents leave home to work • Geography: steam ship and railroad • Technology • Population

  6. Economic Explosion • Pre-industrial revolution per capita annual income: $600 • Industrial revolution US/Europe income $600 to $18,000 • Increases 30x!

  7. Energy Revolution Creates Modern World

  8. Single Most Important Event in Human History

  9. The Nature of Wealth • Today, generating 1-hp requires: • 32 lb motor (30x less) • 4 x 6 inches (12x less) • costs $250 /year to power (20x less) • James Watt observed that a horse pulling 180 pounds of force made 144 trips around the circle in an hour, at an average speed of 181 feet per minute = 33,000 ft. lbs. per minute = one “horsepower”. • Generating 1 hp required: • 1,500 lb horse • 6 ft tall • costs $5,000 /yr to board

  10. We’ve Come a Long Way… • Newcomen’s steam engine: 0.5% • Watt’s steam engine: 1% • Gasoline engines: 30% • Coal Rankine cycles: 35% • Turbines: 40% • Diesel engines: 50% • Combined-cycle turbine/Rankine engines: 60%

  11. But Energy Conversion Largely Unchanged… 1. Use hydrocarbon fossil fuels 2. Employ combustion to release heat CH4+2(O2 + 3.76 N2)=CO2+2H20+(NOx+SOx+…) 3. Convert heat to work via thermal expansion

  12. In U.S. 86% from non-renewable fossil fuels Source: U.S. D.O.E. Annual Energy Review 2005 84% Of World Energy From Fossil Fuels

  13. Resource Constraints M. King Hubbert

  14. Hubbert’s 1956 Prediction of US Oil Peak

  15. Actual U.S. Oil Production (Peaks in 1972) Source: www.ab3energy.com/hubbert.html

  16. Hubbert’s 1956 Prediction ofWorld Oil Peak

  17. Cambell’s World Oil Peak

  18. ASPO World Oil Peak

  19. EIA’s World Oil Peak

  20. World OilNear Peak Production Peak production = 2015 Based on 1,800 BB “World Oil Resources’, WRI 1994

  21. World Natural GasNear Peak Production Peak production = 2018 Based on 6,044 TCF ‘World Dry Natural Gas Reserves’, Oil and Gas Journal, IEA 2004

  22. World CoalPeak Production 2050? Peak production = 2060 Based on 997,506 MT ‘World Estimated Recoverable Coal’, IEA 2004

  23. Consequences of Peak Fuel • Rising demand and falling supply rapidly increases fuel prices • Rising fuel prices reduce expendable income and cause recessions • Rising fuel prices drain fuel importing economies and increase trade deficits • Competition for dwindling supply increase national security risks • Rising fuel prices support undemocratic regimes (Russia, Middle East, Venezuela, etc.)

  24. Environmental Perspective “Using energy in today’s ways leads to more environmental damage than any other peaceful human activity.” The Economist, 1990.

  25. 95% Of Local/Regional Air Pollution from Fossil Fuels

  26. Global CO2 Concentration • Keeling Curve: Mauna Loa, Hawaii • 2005 Concentration: ~380 ppm

  27. Coincident Global Warming Hansen, J., “Is There Still Time to Avoid Dangerous Anthropogenic Interference with Global Climate?”, American Geophysical Union, 2005.

  28. Molecules with Odd Number Atoms (CO2 CH4) Trap Heat “Changing Climate”, Stephen Schneider, Scientific American, 10/1989

  29. Historical Temperature CO2 Correlation “Changing Climate”, Stephen Schneider, Scientific American, 10/1989

  30. Greenhouse Gas Trends Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001, “Summary for Policymakers”

  31. Result: Earth Quickly Warming Hansen et al., Journal Geophysical Research

  32. Warming Fastest at Pole “Changing Climate”, Stephen Schneider, Scientific American, 10/1989

  33. Melting Polar & Greenland Ice Caps

  34. And … • Rising sea level and low-level flooding • Drought • Severe weather • Mass extinctions (30% of species lose range) • Accelerating non-linear irreversible process • Methane release from thawing “perma-frost” • Lower albedo from decreasing ice cover…

  35. Cincinnati Days > 90 F 18 (Current) to 45 (Low Emissions) or 85 (High Emissions) Source: Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Midwest: Ohio, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009

  36. Spring Rainfall Increases 30% (High Emission) Source: Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Midwest: Ohio, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009

  37. Debate? • Consensus view from: • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) • Every U.S. scientific body (NAS, AMS, AGU, AAAS) • Every G8 National Academy of Science’ • Literature review (Oreskes, Science, Vol. 306, 2004): • All scientific peer-reviewed journals from 1993 – 2004 with key words “climate change”. • Found 983 papers • NONE disagreed with consensus position

  38. “The need for urgent action to address climate change is now indisputable.” U.S. National Academy of Sciences and counterpart academies from 12 other nations. 2009

  39. Linear Model of Production Fossil Fuel Resources Atmosphere Running Out of Energy Resources While Atmosphere Filling Up Fossil Fuel Energy CO2 & Pollution Energy Out Economy

  40. Ecological Model of Production Biological Technical

  41. State Renewable Electricity Standards 29 States and District of Columbia Ohio: 12.5% of electricity from renewable energy by 2025 Mandatory Voluntary Source: Securing the Transition to a Clean and Sustainable Energy Economy, Deyette, J., Union Concerned Scientists, 2011

  42. US CO2 Stabilization Scenario (ASES) Kutscher, C., “Tackling Climate Change in the US”, Solar Today, March, 2007

  43. Energy Efficiency Lowest Cost Source of “New Power” Source: A Risky Proposition, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2011

  44. Reduce U.S. CO2 by 20% at Negative Cost (i.e. while making money) Source:Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: How Much at What Cost?”, McKinsey and Company, December 2007

  45. Energy Efficiency in the U.S. Source: Laitner, S., American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Testimony before the Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, June 25, 2008

  46. Energy Efficiency in California Source: Rosenthal, A. California Energy Commission, 2006

  47. Energy Efficiency in Ohio • 22% of electricity from efficiency savings by 2025 (AEP at http://gridsmartohio.com/) • All new schools must be LEED Silver • The Ohio Department of Development: grants and loans (http://development.ohio.gov/Energy/Incentives/GrantsLoans.htm) • U.S. Department of Energy: no-cost industrial energy assessments (http://academic.udayton.edu/kissock/http/IAC/default.htm)

  48. International Standards ISO Standards • 9001 Quality • 14001 Environment • 50001 Energy • Requires energy management personnel and organizations within a company to determine baseline energy use, determine energy efficiency targets, identify and implement energy efficiency opportunities, measure effectiveness of energy efficiency improvements.

  49. Energy Engineering Courses at UD • MEE 420/569: Energy Efficient Buildings • MEE 478/578: Energy Efficient Manufacturing • MEE 590: Geothermal Energy Sources • MEE 590: Wind Energy Systems • MEE 590: Solar Energy Engineering • MEE 524: Electrochemical Power • MEE 507: Advanced Energy Materials • MEE 590: Thermal System Analysis • MEE 471/571: Design of Thermal Systems • MEE 473/573: Renewable Energy Systems • MEE 472: Design for Environment • MEE 499/599: Environmental Sustainability • MEE 590: Building Energy Informatics

  50. Energy Efficiency Increases business competitiveness Increase resource availability Increases environmental health Energy Efficiency is THE PATH TO THE NEW ENERGY EFFICIENT ECONOMY Remarkably

More Related