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Technology Applications Assessment Team

N on – A tmospheric U niversal T ransport I ntended for L engthy U nited S pace - - - - - - - - - - X- ploration. M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP. T A A T. Technology Applications Assessment Team. NAUTILUS - X. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle.

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Technology Applications Assessment Team

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  1. Non – Atmospheric Universal Transport Intended for Lengthy United Space - - - - - - - - - - X-ploration M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team NAUTILUS - X Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle

  2. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team

  3. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP NAUTI - LEM (Lunar Excursion Module) • Not a capsule • Not an Orbiter • Designed ONLY • for operation in the • unique environment • of SPACE The most successful and versatile “spacecraft” ever built…

  4. MMSEV (Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle) Technology Applications Assessment Team M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Description and Objectives: • Long-duration space journey vehicle for crew of 6 for periods • of 1 -24 months • CIS-lunar would be initial Ops Zone [shakedown phase] • Exo-atmospheric, Space-only vehicle • Integrated Centrifuge for Crew Health • ECLSS in deployed Large Volume w/ shirt-sleeve servicing • Truss & Stringer thrust-load distribution concept (non-orthogird) • Capable of utilizing variety of Mission-Specific • Propulsion Units [integrated in LEO, semi-autonomously] • Utilizes Inflatable & Deployed structures • Incorporates Industrial Airlock for construction/maintenance • Integrated RMS • Supports Crewed Celestial-body Descent/Return • Exploration vehicle(s) • Utilizes Orion/Commercial vehicles for crew rotation & Earth return from LEO Non – Atmospheric Universal Transport Intendedfor Lengthy United Space - - - - - - - X-ploration Approach: Justification: • Multiple HLV (2-3) & Commercial ELV launches • On-orbit LEO Integration/Construction • First HLV payload provides Operational, self-supporting Core • Centrifuge utilizes both inflatable & deployed structures • Aero Braking deployed from Propulsion Integration Platform • Provides Order-of-Magnitude increase in long duration journey • capability for sizeable Human Crews • Exploration & Discovery • Science Packages • Supports HEDS 2.2.4.2 Habitat Evolution technology development • Meets the requirement of Sec. 303 MULTIPURPOSE CREW VEHICLE • Title III Expansion of Human Space Flight Beyond the International • Space Station and Low-Earth Orbit, of the “National Aeronautics and • Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010” Collaborators/Roles: • JPL:DeploymentInteg., Communications/Data Transmission • AMES: ECLSS, Bio-Hab • GSFC: GN&C, Independent System Integrator • GRC: PowerPumps, PMD, External Ring-flywheel • LaRC: Hoberman deployed structures & Trusses • MSFC: Propulsion Unit(s) & Integration platform , Fluids Transfer & Mngt. • JSC: Proj. Mngt – SE&I , ECLSS, Centrifuge, Structures, Avionics, • GN&C, Software, Logistics Modules • NASA HQTRS: Legislative & International Lead COST: $ 3.7 B DCT & Implementation 64 months

  5. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team

  6. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team System Goals • Fully exo-atmospheric/Space-only • No entry capability through Earth’s Atmosphere • Accommodate & Support Crew of 6 • Self-sustaining for months (1-24) of Operation • Ability to Dock, Berth and/or Interface with ISS & Orion • Self-reliant Space-Journey capability • On-orbit semi-autonomous integration of a variety of • Mission-specific Propulsion-Units

  7. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team Attributes • Large volume for logistical stores • FOOD • Medical • Parts • Other • Provide Artificial Gravity/ Partial(g) for Crew Health & GN&C • Provide real-time “true” visual Command & Observe capability for Crew • Capability to mitigate Space Radiation environment • Ability to semi-autonomously integrate Mission Specific Propulsion-Pods • Docking capability with CEV/Orion/EAT(European Auto Transfer)/Other • Robust ECLS System • IVA based for service/maintenance

  8. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team Attributes • Robust Communications Suite • Designed for wide array of Thrust/Isp input(s) • Ion-class • Low level, Long Duration chemical • Self powered • PV array • Solar Dynamic • Industrial sized Airlock supports MMU[Manned Maneuvering Unit] • Logistical Point-of-Entry • Intermediate staging point for EVA • External scientific payloads • Pre-configured support points • Power, Temp, Data, Command & Control

  9. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP NAUTILUS - X T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team Technology Development • Autonomous Rendezvous & Integration of LARGE structures • Artificial Gravity/Partial-(g) • Basic design • System Integration and GN&C Impacts & Assessments • Materials • Hub design • Seals • Carriage Design • Bearings • Power transfer mechanisms • Flywheel torque-offset • External dynamic Ring-flywheel • CMG cluster(s) • Semi-autonomous Integration of MULTIPLE Propulsion Units • Mission SPECIFIC • Next generation MMU [old free-flyer MMMSS] • Inflatable and/or Deployable module/structure design(s) • Transhab & Hoberman

  10. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X T A A T M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP Technology Applications Assessment Team • High-gain/High-power Communications • Radiation mitigation • Structural Integrated • Magnetic Field strategy (MIT) • Individual application augmentation • Suits & Pods • Safe-Zone [H20/H2-slush strategy] • Thrust structure integration through-out vehicle • and across orbital assembly interfaces • Deployable exo-truss • O-(g) & Partial-(g) hydroponics/agriculture • ECLSS { IVA Maintenance, R&R } • Active membranes • Revitalization methodologies • Atmosphere Circulation • Temperature control • Humidity control Technology Development

  11. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T - 6.5m - 14m Command/Control & Observation Deck Orion & Commercial Docking Port Industrial Airlock slide-out Unit PV Array deployed: Core Module Full Operational Status: CIS-Lunar & NEO Mission

  12. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Start-up Thrusters Soft-wall Inflatable section(s) External “Dynamic” Ring-flywheel Hoberman Circumferential Stabilizing Ring(s) Completed Centrifuge w/ External Flywheel

  13. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T View looking “Forward”

  14. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team Initial Operation(s) Concept Solar Electric Propulsion Spin out INSITU (ICE, water) Crew Transfer L1 MMSEV DEPOT Life Boat/Living Quarters Staging location/Hospital Waiting for engines to go to MARS Lunar Exploration

  15. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle T A A T • Potential parallel development with HLV • Resource allocation • HLV Payload integration • Ascent Vibro-Accoustic P/L environment(s) • Mass growth • Battery performance • Centrifuge Hub • Torque off-set S/W & external ring flywheel • GN&C impacts [modeling] • Slip-rings • Drive Mechanism • Seals • Carrier design • Centrifuge Design • Materials • Deployment mechanism(s): Inflatable Section(s) • Stiffening/Load Structure: Hoberman • Propulsion Pod Integration Platform • Capture & Latch mechanisms • Data/Telemetry/Command & Control strings • Exo-Thrust-structure • Structural On-orbit Assembly Interface(s) Development Challenges

  16. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle Partnering & Collaboration M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T • JPL: Deployment Integ., Communications/Data Transmission • AMES: ECLSS, Bio-Hab • GSFC: GN&C, Independent System Integrator • GRC: Power, Fluid Pumps, PMD, External Ring-flywheel • LaRC: Hoberman : Deployed structures & Trusses • NESC: “Shadow” Systems Integrator • MSFC: Propulsion Unit(s) & Integration platform , Fluids-Transfer & Mngt. • JSC: Proj. Mngt – SE&I , ECLSS, Centrifuge, Core-Structures, Avionics, • GN&C, Software, Logistics Modules • NASA HQTRS: Legislative & International Relations • Academia: MIT, Cal-TECH/JPL, Stanford, Georgia Tech • CIA/NRO/DoD: National Security • National Institute of Health, NRC, NIST • Large-Project, Traditionally NON-Aerospace, Program Developers • Power • Shipping • Infrastructure

  17. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T • CENTRIFUGE [HABITABLE] ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY/PARTIAL-(g) • Basic design • System Integration Impacts & Assessments • Materials & Deployment strategy • UV, Radiation-mitigation, Self-sealing, Micro-meteoroid defense • Inflatable and Expandable Structure integrated design • Hub design • Seals • Bearings • Materials • Drive Mechanism • Power transfer mechanisms • Centrifuge torque-offset • External dynamic Ring-flywheel • ISS CMG cluster(s) Control Authority integration • Control Avionics & Software • Full-Test & Assay of HUMAN response to Partial-(g) Technology Applications Assessment Team Technology Development First TAAT Demonstration

  18. Technology Applications Assessment Team ISS Centrifuge Demo* Mark L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Description and Objectives: • Utilize Hoberman-Sphere expandable structures with inflatable & expandable • technology Soft-structures to erect a (low mass) structure that provides • partial-(g) force for engineering evaluation • First In-space demonstration of sufficient scale Centrifuge for testing and • determination of artificial partial-(g) affects • Impart Zero disturbance to ISS micro-gravity environment • Potentially Off-load duty-cycle on ISS CMGs by introducing • constant angular moment to augment GN&C • (*) Ultimately provide partial-(g) sleep station for ISS Crew • Option for Food-prep station & small Dining area • Potential partial-(g) WC Approach: Justification: • Existing Orbiter External Airlock used to attach Centrifuge to ISS • Also provides a contingency AirLock capability • Partial Gravity in space may be critical for enabling Long Term • Human exploration within the Solar System • Hub design based on Hughes 376 Spin-Sat Tech. • Liquid metal & tensioned material seal design • Low noise/mass thrust and guide bearings • A Centrifuge must be integrated into the baseline • design of any transit or Journey-class spacecraft in order to take • advantage of GN&C influences and specific design considerations • Rotating hub/ transition tunnel • Rotating mass with & w/o Crew present • Self deployment with IVA for final construction/verification • Engineering pedigree with TransHab and EVA suits • Two individual ½ Circle deployments • Hoberman based load & deployment ring • Goal: single Delta-IV/Atlas-V launch • Early experience on ISS is critical to assessing • and characterizing influences and affects of • a Centrifuge relative to • - Dynamic response & Influences • - Human reaction(s) data-base • DDT&E/DCT&I <39 months $84-143M Collaborators/Roles: JSC/Ames: Hub Seal & Bearings, Payload Integration Draper Labs: ISS GN&C impacts GRC: Flywheel Design/Integr. LaRC: Hoberman alignment & load Cirlce JSC: Design Requirements/Project Mngt., Centrifuge Design/Test, Instrumentation, Control Avionics/SW, Deployment scheme, Structural Design & Materials selection, Crew Training, On-Orbit Test OPS

  19. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle ISS Centrifuge Demo Mark L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T • Inflatable Based (TransHab) • Hoberman Ring Stabilized • External Ring-flywheel • ISS micro-(g) experiment compatible 2013 DEMO COST: $84M - $143M

  20. Technology Applications Assessment Team ISS Centrifuge Demo (Inflatable-based) Mark L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T DEMO Aspects: • 30ft OD with 50in. cross-section ID • All internal dimensions and layout • will accommodate EVA suite Astronaut • Max RPM for Centrifuge may require • longer acclimation period for crew between • partial and zero-(g) Partial - (g) RPM 30ft dia. 40ft dia. 4 .08 .11 5 .13 .17 6 .18 .25 7 .25 .33 8 .33 .44 9 .41 .55 10 .51 . 69 • Well-modeled & Assessed /Analyzed “net” • influence on ISS CMGs and GN&C • Loads not to exceed Dock-port limits • Smaller diameter Centrifuge incorporates • shaped inflatable elements that are • deployed from fixed hard nodes SRMS in Berth-mode while Orbiter Air-lock is placed in Soft-Dock during micro-(g) activities on ISS • Hub design utilizes Liquid-metal seals • with low-rumble/wobble thrust bearings • Bearing rotational hardware derived from • Hughes 376 spin-stabilized ComSats

  21. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle Orbiter External Airlock Overview: M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team

  22. Technology Applications Assessment Team ISS Centrifuge Demo* (Inflatable-based) Mark L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Hoberman Circular Deployment & Load outer ring Nested jacking cylinders for Transit Tunnel Soft-Berth mechanism [internal]: Micro-(g) mitigation ex-Orbiter External AirLock COST: $84-143M DCT & Implement <39 months Stabilizer Rings * Test & Evaluation Centrifuge designed with capability to become Sleep Module for Crew Dynamic external Ring-Flywheel Inner Jack-knife Stabilizer Astromast w/ Hard-node Internal Ballast Bladders http://www.hoberman.com/portfolio/hobermansphere-lsc.php?myNum=10&mytext=Hoberman+Sphere+%28New+Jersey%29&myrollovertext=%3Cu%3EHoberman+Sphere+%28New+Jersey%29%3C%2Fu%3E&category=&projectname=Hoberman+Sphere+%28New+Jersey%29 Design, Construct, Test & Implement: DCT&I

  23. ISS Centrifuge Demo External Dynamic Ring Flywheel M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team Component Detail Mass “Car” Vari-density Mass module Bearing Cluster Shaft Position Drive Linear Motor

  24. Technology Applications Assessment Team ISS Centrifuge Demo (Inflatable-based) Mark L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T DEMO Aspects: • Kick motor utilized as both primary • start-up and spin maintenance mechanism • Drive motor(s) will be in ISS/Orbiter • External Airlock • Centrifuge can also serve as independent • Emergency Shelter node • Independent internal separation capability • from ISS for major contingency situation • Engineering pedigree with TransHab and EVA • suit material(s) & design principles • Two individual ½ Circle deployments • Nested cylinder & deployable drawer approach • for Transit Tunnel • Ring Flywheel can be either driven from • ex-Orbiter External Airlock or be self-contained • on Hub [requires Hub battery-bank] * Test & Evaluation Centrifuge designed with capability to become Sleep Module for Crew • CG offset of Centrifuge centerline mitigated with • internal ballast bladders [urine/waste fluids]

  25. Technology Applications Assessment Team ISS Centrifuge Demo • Inflatable Based (TransHab) • Hoberman Ring Stabilized • External Ring-flywheel • ISS micro-(g) experiment compatible Mark L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T

  26. ISS Centrifuge Demo Airlock Centrifuge & Deployment External Dynamic Flywheel Test & Integration M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team • 1. Airlock • 1.1Remove from OV Payload Bay • 1.2 Structural mods • Carriage receiving structure [new] • Side hatch • Centrifuge drive mechanism & motor • Air circulation • Power grid (new) • 1.3 Sensor Suite • Ring laser gyro • 3 axis strain-guage pkg. • Accelerometer panel • frequency pick-up(s) • 1.4 Drive Unit • Uniform-load drive input shaft & differential [low rumble] • Crew IVA assembly • S/w for controller • 1.5 Delta-II integration • Load path attach points • Vertical integration impacts • Primary load mechanism Cost: $19M

  27. ISS Centrifuge Demo Airlock Centrifuge & Deployment External Dynamic Flywheel Test & Integration M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team • 2. Centrifuge & Deployment • 2.1 Ring Stabilizer : Hoberman external & internal[IVA] • + & - Configuration • Deploy mode & Operation mode • 2.2 Ring • Material & layout biasing • Deployment bladders • IVA final assembly for circumference inner seal • 2.3 Hub • Bearing layout • External Dynamic Flywheel integration • Seal material • Seal design w/ redundancy • 2.4 Carriage • Deployment mechanism(s) • 2.5 Transit Tunnel • Stowed nested segments • Auto inter-lock pressure seal • Low mass & • 2.6 Nacelles • 2.7 Astromast & Sizzor Struts • 2.8 Deployment mechanisms & structures • 2.9 Inflation support • 2.10 Ballast System [Bladders, pumps, guages, EMAs] • 2.11 Load sensor Platform Cost $84M

  28. ISS Centrifuge Demo Airlock Centrifuge & Deployment External Dynamic Flywheel Test & Integration M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team Cost $20 • 3. External Dynamic Flywheel • 3.1Collar load surface • Airlock structural integration • 3.2 Electric Linear Drive • 3.3 Controller avionics • 3.4 Controller Software • 3.5 Feedback sensor suite • 3.6 Thrust & Load Bearing layout/design • 3.7 Material selection • 3.8 Variable Mass manipulator system • Linear drive • Stepper & damper • Position Lock • 3.9 Mass shape (variable density)

  29. ISS Centrifuge Demo Airlock Centrifuge & Deployment External Dynamic Flywheel Test & Integration M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team • 4. Test & Integration • 4.1 Centrifuge Ring • 4.2 Transfer Tunnel • 4.3 Deployment • Structural [Hoberman] • Inflation • 4.4 Software C/O • 4.5 Dynamic Flywheel • Safety • Characterization • Operations Scheme & Plan • Integration w/ Falcon-9 or Ariane • Payload Structure • Transfer Vehicle* Cost $17 * ATV/HTV not included

  30. ISS Centrifuge Demo Collaborators/Partnerships/Roles M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Technology Applications Assessment Team JSC: Design Requirements/Project Mngt., Centrifuge Design/Test, Instrumentation, Control Avionics/SW, Deployment scheme, Structural Design & Materials selection, Crew Training, On-Orbit Test OPS Non - Traditional Partners (Representative) • Tommy Hilfiger: • Ralph Lauren • Gucci • Tire Manufacturers • Goodyear, Michelin, Bridgestone, Pirelli • Nike • General Electric • Electric Boat Works • Submarine Manufacture JSC/Ames: Hub Seal & Bearings, Payload Integration Draper Labs: ISS GN&C impacts ILC Dover: EVA Suits GRC: Flywheel Design/Integr. LaRC: Hoberman alignment & load Circle ESA: ATV(mod) , Ariane JAXA: HTV, H-2 Bigelow: Centrifuge

  31. Technology Applications Assessment Team ISS Centrifuge Demo Activities: Representative Involvement - JSC Mark L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T • Thermal-Vac chamber would be fully utilized testing proto-type configurations and • large-scale operating models of the Centrifuge [CF] • Bearing and hub design • Seal design • Inflatable/Hoberman deployment testing with mag-lev plates for 0-g simulation • Bldg.9 would be converted to Full-scale CF lay-out with multiple mock-ups • Air-table for deployment/assembly checkout of CF assembly sequence • Human factor assessment • ECLSS integration • GN&C affects on thrust & control axis’ • Mission Operations Directorate • Emphasis focuses on start-up sequence of CF • Nominal operational influences of CF • Space & Life-Sci [Dedicated Project] • Partial-(g) / Fractional-(g) effects on the human body • Repetitious exposure to partial-g and zero-g • Psyche/mood effects • Vascular • Digestive [tendency to vomit during transition] • Excretory • Ocular • Skeletal/Muscular • Sleep • Sleep chamber coupled to Radiation mitigation • Design of Partial-g toilet and body-wash-station • ECLSS design for IVA [Internal Vehicular Activity]maintenance & repair

  32. Technology Applications Assessment Team ISS Centrifuge Demo Activities: Representative Involvement - JSC Mark L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T • Engineering Directorate undertakes Exo(skeleton)-Truss design • Load distribution • Deployment scheme(s) • Thermal management techniques • Load transmitting Orbital structural interface design • Engineering Directorate undertakes Flat-Panel Spacecraft design • Partial ortho-grid/iso-grid utilization • Integration of external/internal Exo-Truss • Engineering Directorate undertakes pre-configured Drawer-extension deployment strategy • Track design for Slide-out deployment • Seal & autonomous latch design [internal & external] • Load accommodation • Thermal management • Electrical/Comm/Data/ECLSS integration • Engineering Directorate undertakes material development for Inflatable Elements of CF • Engineering Directorate undertakes CF rotating hub design • Engineering Directorate begins second-generation closed-loop ECLSS design • Engineering Directorate undertakes Guidance & Control design of Nautilus-X • Accommodation of Multiple Propulsion Pods • Thrust models with operating CF • Software development • Star map generation for multiple MMSEV Missions • Engineering Directorate undertakes Long-Distance Communications/Data suite design • Radar and Communications range re-activated/expanded • Vibro-Accoustic Lab addresses Propulsion Pod impacts on link stability & integrity

  33. Technology Applications Assessment Team T A A T Back-Up Charts

  34. Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X T A A T M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP Command /Control Deck & Manipulator Station Technology Applications Assessment Team Docking Port (Orion, Commercial, Int’l) Centrifuge Communications Array Attitude Control & CMG cluster Radiation Mitigation Chamber Air-Lock w/ staging platform • Propulsion Integration • Collar • Mission Specific • Electrical & C/C • Thrust Structure Solar Array • Inflatable Modules (3) • 2 Logistics • 1 ECLSS, Plant growth & Exercise

  35. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP Adaptable full-span RMS Primary Docking Port Radiation Mitigation Folding PV arrays ECLSS Module Descent Vehicle Hangar Command/Observation Deck Centrifuge Science Probe Craft & Mini Service-EVA-Pods Primary Communications Dish Logistical Stores Propulsion Extended Duration Explorer

  36. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Extended Duration Explorer

  37. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T Extended Duration Explorer Extended Duration Explorer

  38. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T NAUTILUS - X Hanger Detail • Reinforced fabric • Auto-deployment • Low mass, Small Volume • Airlock Access • Multipurpose • Asset Housing • Descent Craft • Scientific Platforms

  39. Technology Applications Assessment Team Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP

  40. Technology Applications Assessment Team NAUTILUS - X M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP

  41. The Five legged 1962 model of the then named Lunar Excursion Module LEMConcept Evolution M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T 1962 5-Legged initial design 1963 version with Docking node forward 1965 with Docking Port moved to top and the egress hatch is “square” Final Version

  42. Technology Applications Assessment Team LEM Design Details M.L. Holderman JSC/SSP T A A T • Design Philosophy • Purposeful • Accommodation • Minimalism

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