Nationalism in Europe: Unifying and Dividing Nations in the 19th Century

1. Nationalism in Europe • What is nationalism and how did it both break up and unify countries in Europe? Ottoman Empire Germany Italy Austria- Hungary Russia

2. Nationalist Thought • Three different types of political thought in 1800s Europe: 1) Conservatives - wanted to keep everything the same and allow absolute monarchs to rule (nobles, landowners) 2) Liberals – wanted more power for Parliaments and only the educated or landowners vote (middle class, merchants) 3) Radicals – favored drastic change, all people should vote & government should follow Enlightenment (poor, workers) • Other people in Europe were also upset that their country was ruled by a foreigner or they weren’t united • People should be loyal to a country not a king • People should unite into countries based on their nationality • Since many people shared a common culture and history, the idea of Nationalism emerges • Nationalistic Revolutions will breakout in Europe • The Congress of Vienna fails to stop nationalist revolutions

3. Nationalism Culture – shared way of life History -a common past • Positives – people overcome differences, overthrow imperial rule, democratic governments, competition leads to advance • Negatives – Forced assimilation of minority, extreme nationalism, competition leads to war Nationality – shared ethnic ancestry Language-shared communication Nation- State Territory – land belongs to group Religion- shared by most

4. Nationalism Challenges Conservative Rule • Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting in 1848 (Czechs). Hungary also wants to split from Austria (1866) • Three empires will begin to weaken due to nationalism 1) The Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs • The Austrians controlled at least 12 different ethnic groups • Emperor Franz Joseph creates two countries but unites them as one kingdom Empire is now called Austria-Hungary. • 1866: Austria loses Seven Weeks War to Prussia. Prussia would gain much of Austria’s northern German States

5. 2)The Ottoman Empire ruled by Muslim Turks • The Ottomans controlled Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, and several other Balkan (Slavic) areas • Revolutions breakout in Greece (1827) & the Balkans • Greeks aided by Britain, France, Russia. After losing war, Ottomans are pressured to grant equal citizenship to all 3) The Russian Empire ruled by the Romanovs • The Romanovs begin a policy called Russification, which forced Russian culture/language on all other ethnic groups • Nationalistic revolution starts in Poland in 1830, Czar Nicholas I tries to expand Russia in Crimean War and loses • Alexander II tries to reform Russia but is assassinated, Alexander III strengthens absolutism – more nationalist revolts

6. Radicals in France • Louis-Philippe(XVIII) returns to power after Napoleonic Wars • After 18 years of rule, French people grow tired of a monarchy (again!) and violence erupts • New constitution is created (again!) calling for a president to share power with the assembly. Monarchy abolished (again!) • French people elect a new President named Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) • Four years later he takes the title of Emperor Napoleon III • People welcome a strong ruler & Napoleon III begins to modernize France and creates jobs

7. Unification of Italy • Cavour wants to unify all Italians. He will convince Napoleon III to help drive Austria out of Northern Italy • The combined armies of Cavour & Napoleon III will win & gain all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region • In the N. Italian state of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) named Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister Sardinia King Victor Emmanuel II Camillo di Cavour

8. King & Cavour meet with Garibaldi. Decide to unite all Italy • Victor Emmanuel would be King - Constitutional Monarchy • So. Italy- nationalists were led by Giuseppe Garibaldi • From Sicily, Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against conservatives in S. Italy & would unite So. Italian Kingdoms • The two remaining states, Venice & the Papal states would join the rest of Italy in 1866 & 1870 • The Pope could still control the Vatican but Rome would now become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy Textbook: Page 260 Ques 1 & 2. Page 261 Ques 1-3 Rome Pope Pius XI Garibaldi

9. Unification of Germany • Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become his Prime Minister • Rioters in Berlin, force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom of Prussia (new King and Parliament) • Wilhelm I would become new King of Prussia • Bismarck was a master of “real politik” which means the politics of reality (tough) • Bismarck runs the country w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron Wilhelm I • Bismarck’s goal is to expand Prussia’s territory & unite all of the German states Weak will be devoured by the strong! • First, Bismarck convinces Austria-Hungary to join him in a war against Denmark Otto von Bismarck

10. Second, Prussia would then go to war with France to gain control of southern German states • Prussia would then turn against Austria-Hungary and starts the Seven Weeks War • The loss humiliates Austria & gives Prussia N. German states • Prussia will win the Franco-Prussian War – humiliation for Napoleon III • Third, Prussia unites all of the new territory into the Second Reich (2nd German Empire) • Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Prime Minister (Chancellor) Page 263 – Ques 1 & 2