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1950s

1950s. 1950-1960. Patterns of living. Move from city to suburb: city-center of population larger than a town suburb-residential area on or near the outskirts of a city Reasons for growth-farmers to suburbs, people from cities, affordable housing

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1950s

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  1. 1950s 1950-1960

  2. Patterns of living • Move from city to suburb: • city-center of population larger than a town • suburb-residential area on or near the outskirts of a city • Reasons for growth-farmers to suburbs, people from cities, affordable housing • Changes in lifestyle-daily commute, need for automobile, lawn and home maintenance • CONFORMITY-similar homes, age and marital status, war experience, incomes

  3. Levittown • 1944-<William J. Levitt buys 1500 acre potato farm 30 miles east of New York City • mass produce the same house-one story ranch-2 tone or a cape cod • by 1951-17,500 houses • Levittown homes

  4. Suburban Sprawl • Auto is only way- no public transportation • drive to everything-6.7 million cars sold each year in the 1950’s • 40m Americans owned cars in 1940-60m by 1960 • America encouraged conformity- • lifestyle-friendliness and informality-buffet style casserole dinners-no formal dining room

  5. Pop Culture • 1. How many hours do you spend tweeting/facebooking/surfing on the net? • 2. How many hours do you spend watching the TV? • 3. How much of an impact do these have on you?

  6. Reading books????

  7. Television • By 1950-9 of 10 homes-52m sets • a high school grad spent more time watching TV than in school • TV inspires fads • also, develops videotape-good technical quality without live broadcasts

  8. Movies • Admission to movies drop sharply • studios terminate contracts and sold their land • number of films dropped • gimmicks rise-3-D or special effect films lure them back • each film made to influence a particular age group or audience • Drive-ins become popular

  9. Music • Progressive Jazz replaced Jazz • Rock and Roll-combined country and western, rhythm and blues and black gospel • <Elvis

  10. Civil Rights • Minority consciousness-awareness of the culture and heritage of minority groups • elements that contribute to this-increased education, social awareness, migration of minority groups, acceptance of minority workers during wartime • Names to know: Linda Brown-8 year old student in Topeka, Kansas-”separate but Equal”

  11. Civil Rights • Thurgood Marshall-attorney for NAACP-represented Linda Brown in lawsuit-later Supreme Court Justice • Earl Warren-Chief Justice of the US-delivered opinion on Brown Case • Orval Faubus-Governor of Arkansas-tried to block integration at Central High School in Little Rock • Dwight Eisenhower-President-sent Federal Troops to Little Rock to ensure desegregation • Rosa Parks-seamstress-Montgomery Alabama-triggered the bus boycott when she refused to move off to the back of the bus • <Thurgood Marshall became SCJ after winning Brown Case

  12. Civil Rights • <Martin Luther King Jr.-minister; believed in nonviolent protest against injustice-led protest in Montgomery • Ignacio Lopez-Mexican American worker-founded the Unity League of California to register Mexican Americans to vote and promote candidates who would represent them

  13. Civil Rights-Separate but Equal • Plessy v. Ferguson (1898)-allowed for Separate but equal • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas-Marshall argues 14th Amendment-equal protection under the law-unanimous decision

  14. Civil Rights-incidences • Little Rock Crisis-Gov. Orval Faubus-needed an issue to be reelected • Little Rock had carefully worked out a plan for integration-7 years • 1957-9 black students would be enrolled at Central High School • <Faubus calls out the National Guard-fixed bayonets-turn the 9 away • Federal Court orders 9 be admitted-white mob stops them this time • Eisenhower-”Mob rule cannot be allowed to override the decisions of the our courts.” sent in the 101st Airborne Division-1000 paratroopers, federalized the National guard

  15. Little Rock • <The Little Rock Nine Arrive

  16. Montgomery Bus Boycott • <Rosa Parks-said no to moving to the back of the bus-arrested and fined $10 • within 48 hours-25,000 blacks made up 75% of business • boycott continued for more than a year • blacks walked, rode bicycles, car pooled, • Supreme Court rules that segregation of public transportation is against the 14th amendment

  17. Martin Luther King • Philosophy: • 1. Henry David Thoreau-refuse to obey unjust laws-went to jail rather than pay taxes on an unjust war • 2. Mohandas Ghandi-helped India become independent through nonviolent resistance to the British • 3. A. Phillip Randolph-urged blacks to hold mass demonstrations • King-Soul Force-keep protests entirely nonviolent

  18. Foreign Policy • Massive Retaliation-M.A.D.-Mutual Assured Destruction • Policy of Brinksmanship-<John Foster Dulles-Secretary of State • built up air force-let navy and army decline • Invasion of Hungary

  19. The Cold War deepens • U-2 spy plane shot down • CIA operates high altitude flights over Soviet territory • mission used U-2 spy planes, designed to fly higher than Soviet fighters and beyond the reach of antiaircraft fire • May 1, 1960-U-2 pilot Gary Francis Powers is shot down over Soviet territory • US issues a false story about incident • Soviet Premier Kruschev announces capture of Powers and demands an apology • President Eisenhower takes full responsibility • <Powers is tried for espionage and is later traded for a captured Soviet spy

  20. Eisenhower and the Cold War • Suez Canal Crisis (1956) • Great Britain agrees to withdraw troops from canal • Suez is financed by both Great Britain and French stockholders • 1955-US and GB agree to finance Aswan Dam project • <Gamal Abdel Nasser-tried to get help from USSR • July, 1956-US and GB withdraw offer for help

  21. Suez Canal Crisis • Nasser nationalizes and seizes the Suez-tolls will be used to build Aswan Dam • British and French are annoyed-2/3rds of their oil comes through there • Egyptians make raids into Israel-didn’t allow Israel to ship through the canal • October, 1956-GB, France and Israel-join forces v. Egypt • British and French get canal-Israel gets Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula • attack shocks Eisenhower-asks UN for a cease-fire, withdrawal of British, French and Israeli troops • April, 1957-canal reopens to traffic

  22. Eisenhower Doctrine • January, 1957-US would defend the Middle East v. Soviet attack • Congress gave Eisenhower the power to defend at his discretion • 6th fleet goes to Lebanon-about 14,000 marines • Counters moves by the Soviets in Syria

  23. Cold War and the little battles • Indochina-Asia-France loses at Dien Bien Phu • Now a Civil War raged between anti-colonial Nationalists and anti-colonial Communist • In 1959-Hawaii and Alaska is added to the US

  24. Sputnik and the Space Race • Soviets launch <Sputnik, October 4, 1957 • ICBM-unmanned space rocket (Satellite) can circle the earth at 18,000 MPH and in about 96.2 minutes • At 200 pounds-can lift and deliver a nuclear warhead • Americans react by: emphasizing education, especially science, math and foreign language • Kennedy challenges to put man on the moon by end of decade

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