Top-level Research Initiative - a major Nordic venture for climate, energy and the environment

1. Top-level Research Initiative - a major Nordic venture for climate, energy and the environment

2. Assumptions 2050: Efficiency and energy switching... ...including CCS of fossil + biogenic

3. CCS potential of biogenic for ”negative emissions ”

4. Nordic countries’ reported greenhouse gas emissions since 1990

5. Fossil and biogenic climate gas emissions in the Nordic countries in 2008, milltonCO2

6. Norway: Emissions in Nordic climate neutral scenario

7. Sweden: Emissions in a climate neutral scenario

8. Conclusions and recommendations for call • Break down the silos! • See across elements of value chains for finance and lower costs • Reach targets through better cooperation • More innovation with joint process/teams • Build on the relative strengths • Capture of biogenic sources could give several • advantages • Competence cluster for CCS on biomass • Share risks and costs with regional solutions • Fit CCS into a carbon neutral energy supply • Especially if lower cost CCS can give negative emissions • Full picture view • Understand all emissions and the realistic merit order of abatement • With less efficiency, more CCS/other measures is needed, and vice versa • Involve societal aspects in CCS projects • Understanding voters, market, stakeholders better will reduce project risk • Capturing payability for greenness will also improve sustainability

9. Top-level Research Initiative study:Potential for carbon capture and storage in the Nordic region Sebastian Teir, Jens Hetland, Asbjørn Torvanger, Katarina Buhr, Erik Lindeberg, Tiina Koljonen, Jenny Gode, Andreas Tjernshaugen, Marcus Liljeberg, Antti Arasto, Kristin Onarheim, Antti Lehtilä, Lauri Kujanpää, Matti Nieminen

10. Objective of study Give an overview of the realistic potential for applying CCS in the Nordic countries Mapping of CO2 emissions and storage possibilities Scenarios for future deployment of CCS Overview of CCS technology and R&D activities in the NC Political framework: energy and climate policy, public awareness Determine the role of CCS in the Nordic countries Give recommendations for topics for the upcoming Top-level Research Initiative on CCS

11. Separation of CO2 (at a power plant or factory) Transportation to intermediate storage Transportation by ship to storage site Transportation by pipelineto storage site Final storage of CO2 in isolation from the atmosphere Carbon capture and storage (CCS) Kuva: Bellona

12. CO2 em.(Mt/a) 0.1 – 0.5 0.5 – 1.0 1.0 – 1.5 1.5 – 2.0 2.0 – 3.0 3.0 – 4.0 4.0 – 5.0 Facility Cement and lime production Iron and steel production Non-ferrous metal production Offshore oil and gas activities Oil and gas refineries Other Power and heat production Production of chemicals Pulp and paper production Waste treatment or incineration GIS-database over largest CO2 emitting facilities Fossil, inorganic and biogenic CO2 emissons • Data for 2007 • Only facilities with emissions >0.1 Mt CO2/a included  Covers 277 facilities • Fossil, inorganic and biogenic* CO2 emissions mapped * from biomass combustion

13. Capacity calculations for geological CO2 storage in the Nordic countries Capacity in saline aquifers (Units: Gt CO2) • Mature offshore aquifer storage capacity in Norway: 84.6Gt CO2 • Maximum injection rate: 254 Mt/a • Mature onshore and offshore aquifer storage capacity in Denmark: 1.7Gt CO2 • Most gas and oilfields in the North Seawellexplored, but not mature due to ongoingproduction • The south-western and south-eastern sea areas of Sweden need more exploration • Finland and Iceland has no bedrock suitable for geological storage of CO2 84.6 0 0 ? 1.7

14. 277 largest facilities account for 51% of the total (fossil) CO2 emissions in the Nordic countries Fossil/mineral CO2 emissions: 113 Mt Biogenic CO2emissions: 54 Mt

15. Differences between countries Only facilities with emissions >0.1 Mt CO2/a included

16. CCS demonstrationprojects in the Nordic Countries

17. Political framework for CCS – overview • All the Nordic countires have ambitious energy and climate targets (GHG emissions, renewables, energy efficiency) • Either carbon neutrality or 80% GHG reduction is included into each country’s national long-term (or 2050) targets* • Denmark, Sweden and Finland under EU’s 20-20-20-targets • Participation in EU’s emissions trading scheme • Norway: reduce GHG emissions by 30% (40% if global climate agreement) • Iceland: reduce GHG emissions by 30% given an international climate agreement * According to national reports to UNFCCC

18. Scenario: Amount of CO2 captured in the each Nordic country (including bio-CCS)