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Electronic Tagging of Marine Animals

Electronic Tagging of Marine Animals. Heidi Swangler. Three main types…. Acoustic Archival Satellite. Satellite Tags. Must be attached externally Transmitter produces radio waves, which are received by satellite GPS used to determine position of tag (animal)

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Electronic Tagging of Marine Animals

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  1. Electronic Tagging of Marine Animals Heidi Swangler

  2. Three main types… • Acoustic • Archival • Satellite

  3. Satellite Tags • Must be attached externally • Transmitter produces radio waves, which are received by satellite • GPS used to determine position of tag (animal) • Tags may have other physical sensors--temperature, pressure, etc.--and the data may be transmitted via satellite or stored for later retrieval

  4. Antenna on tag must be above water to transmit a signal to satellite  useful for animals that surface often Satellite tag positioning data results for a white shark released from Monterey Bay Aquarium

  5. Archival Tags • Used to record many types of data, which is stored for later retrieval • Don’t transmit data to any kind of receiver • Tag may either be implanted or externally attached to animal

  6. Archival Tags • Useful when satellite or acoustic technologies are not possible • Can determine position by “light-based geolocation”--light levels data gives coordinates • Virtually any type of sensor might be used • Limitations: data retrieval often depends on recapture, although some are “pop-up” satellite tags

  7. Acoustic Tags • Utilize sound waves to transmit information • Transmitter and hydrophone • Transmitter attached externally or internally to animal • Hydrophone • stationary or attached to a ship • may record the signal and store it for later, or convert the signal and transmit it via radio waves to an on-shore (or ship) radio receiver

  8. Acoustic Tags

  9. Why use acoustic tags? • Sound waves travel fairly quickly in water • Sound waves attenuate much more slowly than radio waves in salt water • Deep water organisms may be tracked much more easily than in other tagging technologies.

  10. Dewar et al. (1999) developed an acoustic tag for measuring electromyograms (EMGs) in ocean fish The signal: • measured using the bipolar electrodes • amplified by the differential amplifier • signal ultimately influences the frequency of the voltage- • controlled oscillator, which encodes the electric signal • into an acoustic signal for transmission by the ceramic • transducer. • The signal is received by a hydrophone receiving device, where it is converted back into EMG data.

  11. A: Electrical EMG signal measured directly • B: Acoustic signal • C: Decoded acoustic signal (Dewar et al., 1999)

  12. References Dewar H., Deffenbaugh M., Thurmond G., Lashkari K., Block B. 1999. Development of an acoustic telemetry tag for monitoring electromyograms in free-swimming fish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 202, 2693-2699. Lotec website. 2009. About biotelemetry. <http://www.lotek.com/fish-and-wildlife-monitoring-technologies.htm#> Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. 2009. Electronic tagging of marine animals. <http://www.scor-int.org/Tech_Panel/SCOR-tagging.pdf> Stone G., Schubel J., Tausing H. 1999. Electronic marine animal tagging: new frontier in ocean science. Oceanography, 12(3).

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