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Electronic Tagging and Tracking

Electronic Tagging and Tracking. By Barbara Stickel SCM 330: Ocean Discovery through Technology. Background. Fish tagging and recovery began in 1873 in Maine. Background. Data retrieval depended on recapture Provided information on: homing rates ages growth rates migration routes

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Electronic Tagging and Tracking

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  1. Electronic Tagging and Tracking By Barbara Stickel SCM 330: Ocean Discovery through Technology

  2. Background • Fish tagging and recovery began in 1873 in Maine

  3. Background Data retrieval depended on recapture Provided information on: homing rates ages growth rates migration routes But nothing about behavior or habitat needs

  4. Electronic Tagging and Tracking • Microchip technology developed early 1980s • Cost Effective and Compact • Two systems in use: • acoustic telemetry • archival (data storage) devices

  5. Archival Tags • Developed in 1990s • Expensive • Miniature computers, with clocks and various integrated sensors • Data from sensors recorded at pre-set time intervals and stored in tag • Physical recovery necessary to retrieve data

  6. Archival tags • Record and store: • Date • Time • Swim depth • Water temperature • Body temperature • Light levels (for estimate of approximate daily position) (CLICK HERE)

  7. Pop-Up Archival Tags • Developed to improve data recovery • Detach at pre-set time • Rise to surface • Transmit data via satellite

  8. Listening: Hydrophones • Retrieve and hold data • Can be moored in arrays spanning thousands of miles • Array spacing dependent on tag signal strength

  9. Hydrophone Arrays • Hundreds of animals being tracked in CINMS • Learning community structure and how ecosystem works Anacapa Island is surrounded by two rings of hydrophones for continuous coverage

  10. Acoustic Receivers • Many sizes, shapes and models

  11. Acoustic Tags • Micro-controllers and low-power memory chips • Record wide range of data over long period of time • physiological • behavioral • environmental

  12. Acoustic Tags • Ultrasonic (30 to 300 kHz) frequency range (optimum propagation in sea) • Transmit data to satellites • Some with external antenna that turn on when exposed to air

  13. Acoustic Tags • Sensors for: • body temperature • tail beat • heart rate • swimming depth • water temperature • minute-by-minute position • velocity • mortality

  14. Pingers -- • Simplest form of acoustic tags • Transmit continuous sound

  15. New: Passive Integrated Transponder (“PIT”) Tags • Rice-sized device with microchip • Inexpensive • Simple to insert • Remote readout capabilities based on ultrasound waves

  16. PIT Tags • Developed as low-cost way to track escaped farm salmon • Hydrophones detect tags in passing animals

  17. Limitations • Marine environment: • Battery and switch failure • Water damage • Fouling: • Acoustic tag attached to Caribbean leatherback turtle for 12 days – barnacle already settled near salt-water contact • Acoustic tag attached to Mediterranean loggerhead turtle for 6 months

  18. Limitations • Biological challenges of free-ranging animals • Larger tunas and marlins feed in warm surface water then dive suddenly, undergoing extreme temperature and pressure changes • Predator may eat tag (or tagged fish) • Tag can be lost, if implanted improperly • Tagged fish may never again frequent area where hydrophones are located

  19. Conclusion With the proper equipment and a little luck, we should be able to construct a comprehensive, community-based view of the underwater world

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