ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY TISSUES

1. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYTISSUES

2. TISSUES • group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function

3. Tissues: 4 Types • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous

4. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium) • the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body • Functions: • Protection • Secretion • Absorption • Filtration

5. Characteristic of Epithelium • cells close together, some connected by cell junctions • top layer exposed to exterior of body or inside of cavity (apical layer) • lower surface connected to a Basement Membrane (BM) • is avascular (no direct blood supply) • able to regenerate if well nourished

6. Classification of Epithelium simple stratified >1 layer cells • 1 layer cells

7. Shape Classification of Epithelium Squamous cuboidal cube-shape • “fried-egg” shape

8. Shape Classification of Epithelium columnar Name the shape: • tall, rectangular shape

9. Simple Epithelium • Functions: • Absorption • Secretion • Filtration

10. Simple Squamous Epithelium • thin layer squamous cells resting on BM • cells close together (think floor tiles) • forms membranes where filtration or rapid diffusion necessary (lungs, kidneys) • forms serous membranes or serosa : moist, shiny membranes that line ventral body cavities and covers organ in them

11. Simple Squamous Epithelium

12. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium • 1 layer cuboidal cells on BM • found in glands, ducts, kidney tubules, covers ovaries

13. SimpleColumnar Epithelium • 1 layer columnar cells packed closely together • interspersed with Goblet Cells which make & release mucus • lines GI tract from stomach  anus • forms mucosae (mucous membranes) that line body cavities open to exterior of body

14. Simple Columnar Epithelium

15. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium • appears to have multiple layers but only has 1 • all cells attached to BM but not all cells reach apical surface (top) • mainly does absorption & secretion • 2 varieties: • Ciliated • in lining of trachea • Nonciliated

16. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

17. PseudostratifiedNonciliatedColumnar Epithelium

18. Stratified Epithelium • >1 layer of cells, epithelium named for shape of top layer • more durable than simple epithelium • primary function is protection

19. Stratified Squamous Epithelium • #1 stratified epithelium in body • 2 varieties: • keratinized • nonkeratinized • Keratin: tough, insoluble protein found in hair, nails, & epidermis

20. Stratified Squamous Epithelium keratinized nonkeratinized

21. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium • 2 or more layers with top layer cuboidal

22. Transitional Epithelium • “transitions” from 1 shape to another • found in urinary bladder, ureters, urethra • when vol of urine high epitheliumis stretched and epithelium looks like squamous cells • when vol of urine low cells appear dome-shaped, cuboidal

23. Transitional Epithelium

24. Stratified Columnar Epithelium • found in salivary ducts

25. Connective Tissue (CT) • connects things • is everywhere in body • #1 tissue type for amount and distribution

26. Connective Tissue Characteristics • most CT well vascularized • except: • ligaments, tendons poor blood supply • cartilage is avascular • make extracellular matrix (in varying amounts)

27. Extracellular Matrix • 2 main elements: • structureless ground substance • water • adhesive proteins (glues everything together) • charged polysaccharides (trap water) control viscosity of the CT • fibers • collagen: #1 protein in body • elastic • reticular

28. Extracellular Matrix

29. Connective Tissues Functions • protection • support • binding substances together • absorption of large amounts of water (ground substance)

30. Types of Connective Tissues • Bone • Cartilage • Dense CT • Loose CT • Blood

31. Bone • aka osseous tissue • few cells surrounded by hard matrix • calcium salts • due to its hardness has exceptional ability to protect & support

32. Bone

33. Cartilage • more flexible than bone(also not as hard) • Types: • Hyaline Cartilage • matrix is glassy, blue-white • found: ends of long bones, larynx, fetal skeleton • Elastic Cartilage • external ear • Fibrocartilage • very compressible, forms discs in vertebral column

34. Hyaline Cartilage

35. Dense CT • matrix: collagen fibers main ingredient + fibroblasts (make collagen) • function: strength • found: • tendons • attach muscle to bone • Ligaments • connect bone to bone

36. Dense CT • Ligaments: • Tendons:

38. Loose CT • softer, more cellular, fewer fibers than most other CT • Types: • Areolar CT • Adipose Tissue • Reticular CT

39. Areolar CT • “cobwebby” • diffusely distributed thru out body • layer under all mucous membranes (lamina propria) • Functions: • cushions & protects • holds things together • reservoir of water (where water held when injured area becomes edematous)

40. Areolar CT

41. Adipose Tissue • aka fat • adipocytes =fat cells • “signet ring” • found : • subcutaneous layer beneath skin • around kidneys, eyeballs

42. Adipose Tissue

43. Reticular CT • reticular cells which make reticular fibers (finer than collagen) • forms: stroma: internal framework that supports ie. Stroma in lymph nodes support lymphocytes

44. Reticular CT

45. Blood • blood cells in fluid matrix (plasma) • Function: • carries nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones etc. to/from cells • Plasma: • fibers: soluble proteins become visible during blood clotting

46. Blood Cells

47. Muscle Tissue • specialized to contract  produce motion • cells called muscle fibers • Types: • Skeletal • Cardiac • Smooth

48. Skeletal Muscle • striated & voluntary • most attached to bones • contraction causes bone to move

49. Cardiac Muscle • striated, involuntary • found only in the heart • cardiac muscle fibers have gaps between them (called intercalated discs) so conduction of nerve impulse is quicker

50. Cardiac Muscle Tissue