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Introduction to Microbiology

Introduction to Microbiology. Dr. Sudheer Kher Prof & HOD, Dept of Microbiology. Objectives. Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Koch, Pasteur, van Leeuwenhoek, Lister, Ehrlich, Fleming, and Jenner Describe the system of scientific nomenclature used to name microorganisms

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Introduction to Microbiology

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  1. Introduction to Microbiology Dr. Sudheer Kher Prof & HOD, Dept of Microbiology

  2. Objectives • Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Koch, Pasteur, van Leeuwenhoek, Lister, Ehrlich, Fleming, and Jenner • Describe the system of scientific nomenclature used to name microorganisms • List major groups of microorganisms and their habitats

  3. Introduction to Microbiology • Dept of Microbiology • Microbiology • Clinical Microbiology • Medical Microbilogy • Scope & Branches of Microbiology • Theory, Practicals, Exams • Basic functioning of Micro Lab • Universal Safety Precautions

  4. Historical

  5. Louis Pasteur 1822-95 • French chemist • Wine industry problem • Father/Founder of Modern Microbiology • Fermentation – a microbiological process • Beer/Wine not produced without microbes

  6. Louis Pasteur 1822-95 • Methods & Techniques of cultivation • His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the "germ theory of disease," is one of the most important in medical history. • Introduced sterilization • Tyndalization (Tyndal-1877) • Studied Silkworm disease, anthrax, chicken cholera, hydrophobia.

  7. Louis Pasteur 1822-95 • Introduced live vaccines – Jenner (Cow-pox vaccine) • Antirabic vaccine • Pasteur Institutes

  8. Joseph Lister 1867 • Prof of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmatory • Introduced Antiseptic Surgery • Called Father of Antiseptic Surgery

  9. Robert Koch 1843-1910 • German general practitioner • Perfected bacteriological techniques • Isolated pure cultures of bacteria for the first time • Discovered Anthrax bacilli, Cholera vibrio, M. tuberculosis • Father of Medical Microbiology • Hypersensitivity

  10. Historical

  11. 1677 Observed "little animals" (Antony Leeuwenhoek) 1796 First scientific Small pox vaccination (Edward Jenner) 1850 Advocated washing hands to stop the spread of disease (Ignaz Semmelweis) 1861 Disproved spontaneous generation (Louis Pasteur) 1862 Supported Germ Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur) 1867 Practiced antiseptic surgery (Joseph Lister) Highlights in the History of Microbiology

  12. 1876 First proof of Germ Theory of Disease with B. anthracis discovery (Robert Koch) 1881 Growth of Bacteria on solid media (Robert Koch) 1882 Outlined Kochs postulates (Robert Koch) 1882 Developed acid-fast Stain (Paul Ehrlich) 1884 Developed Gram Stain (Christian Gram) 1885 First Rabies vaccination (Louis Pasteur) Highlights in the History of Microbiology

  13. 1887 Invented Petri Dish (R.J. Petri) 1892 Discovered viruses (Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski) 1899 Recognized viral dependence on cells for reproduction (Martinus Beijerinck) 1900 Proved mosquitoes carried the yellow fever agent (Walter Reed) 1910 Discovered cure for syphilis (Paul Ehrlich) 1928 Discovered Penicillin (Alexander Fleming) Highlights in the History of Microbiology

  14. 1977 Developed a method to sequence DNA (W. Gilbert & F. Sanger) 1983 Polymerase Chain Reaction invented (Kary Mullis) 1995 First microbial genomic sequence published (H. influenzae)(TIGR) Highlights in the History of Microbiology

  15. Nomenclature • Scientific name (Systematic Name) Binomial System of Nomenclature • Genus name + species name • Italicized or underlined • Genus name is capitalized and may be abbreviated • Species name is never abbreviated • A genus name may be used alone to indicate a genus group; a species name is never used alone • eg: Bacillus subtilisB. subtilis

  16. Nomenclature • Common or descriptive names (trivial names) • Names for organisms that may be in common usage, but are not taxonomic names • eg: tubercle bacillus         (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) • meningococcus (Neiserria meningitidis) • Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)

  17. Nomenclature • For viruses - common names are used e. g. Polio virus, HIV, Influenza virus • For parasites – Either binomial or common names are used e.g. • Round worm, Ascaris lumbricoides, A. lumbricoides • Dog tape worm, Echinococcus granulosus, E. granulosus

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