REVIEW COURSE ON RESEARCH Research Problem unsatisfactory situation in need of solution or improvement question needing

1. REVIEW COURSE ON RESEARCH Research Problem unsatisfactory situation in need of solution or improvement question needing answer Sources of problems in business research: customer complaints conversation with company employees observations of inappropriate behavior or conditions in a firm deviation from the business plan success of firm’s competitor company records and reports published materials (which may reveal changes in market or environmental trends, new government regulations, anticipated changes in the economy etc.)

2. Research Problem Title does away with “when,” “a study of,” “an investigation of,” “a research on, “an analysis of” meticulously devised phrase that conveys the topic (variable) and population of interest (preferably not more than 15 words

3. Wordy: Analysis of Factors Affecting the Movements of the Philippine Stock Composite Index, Fiscal Year 1999-2000 Improved: Factors Affecting Movements of the Philippine Stock Composite Index

4. Characteristics of business research: almost always applied research (problem-oriented) tends to have shorter time limit done in an environment in which conditions change rapidly a for-profit enterprise, so must have cost limit

5. THE PARTS OF CHAPTER ONE (HNU Format) Rationale introduces the general topic of interest establishes the scenario justifies the need to conduct the study

6. Theoretical Background schematic diagram and its brief explanation theories / models that support the research problem legal basis (optional) review of related literature and related studies synthesis of the concepts lifted from theories and studies

7. What is a theory? abstract generalization that presents a view of a phenomenon which has been verified to some degree What is a model? symbolic representation of a phenomenon or a diagram of a theory or conceptual framework

8. Example:Goal Theory (The goals we set for ourselves affect our level of motivation). Descriptive integrated set of concepts shows dimensions, characteristics or commonalities of phenomenon Theory Explanatory depicts how concepts or phenomena are related composed of concepts and propositions

9. What is a concept? mental image of an object or phenomenon word or phrase that labels an abstract but commonly understood object or phenomenon Examples:effectiveness, development, economic support, productivity, system etc.

10. What is a proposition? relational statement specifies relationship between two or more concepts Examples:The systems theory assumes that the original culture of an organization is derived from the founder’s philosophy which influences the criteria used in hiring (Robbin in Edralin, 2002).

11. Examples of descriptive theory: Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

12. Examples of explanatory theory/model Systems and Behavioral Approach in Conflict Management Model (Flippo, 1994) A system is composed of internal subsystems and external environment which affect conflict in an organization. In turn, conflict resolution influences organizational effectiveness. Demographic Transition Theory (in Padua, 2000) Socioeconomic development has a suppressing effect on natural increase of population.

13. These theories and models are assembled to create the research framework. What is a framework? A researcher’s perspective about how the concepts and variables in a study fit together. Theoretical -based on existing explanatory theory -contains propositions Framework Conceptual -set of related concepts assembled because of their relevance to a phenomenon but lacks propositions -indicates rudimentary or untested theory -used when no theory exists and researcher constructs one to depict relationship

14. What to do when utilizing a theory? specify theory used as basis for the study mention the proponents cite the main points support claims of the theory by ideas from other experts illustrate framework through diagram / paradigm end up by reiterating the researcher’s theoretical perspective in the study

15. APPLICATIONS Research Title: Economic Development in Relation to the Natural Growth of Population This study is anchored on the Demographic Transition Theory which maintains that the decline in the natural increase in population can be explained by tracing the socioeconomic development of countries, which includes a) economic aspect (e.g. income increase); b) social aspects (e.g. equal distribution of opportunities for social mobility); c) health aspects (e.g. availability of advanced medical technology and medicine); and d) psychological aspects (e.g. enhancement of self-esteem (in Padua, 2000).

16. Theory : Demographic Transition Theory Concepts:socioeconomic development, natural increase of population Propositional Statement: Socioeconomic development has a suppressing effect on natural increase of population. Translate Concepts into Variables Socioeconomic Development = economic development (per capita income) Natural Increase of Population = difference between number of crude births number of crude deaths Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) = CBR - CDR General (Abstract) Specific (Concrete) Formulate Hypothesis Countries that have high increase in per capita income experience decline in the natural increase of population.

17. Research Title:Supervisors’Human Resource Management Skills and Personal Characteristics in Relation to Supervisory Effectiveness of Food Centers Theoretical Framework: This study is anchored on Parson’s and Merton’s Personality Systems Theory which maintains that supervisory effectiveness and organizational performance is influenced by the human resource management skills and personal characteristics of the leader.

18. Theory : Supervisory effectiveness in influenced by the human resource management skills and personal characteristics of a leader. Concepts : supervisory effectiveness human resource management skills personal characteristics of a leader Translate Concepts into Variables Supervisory Effectiveness = number of complaints, better attendance, high morale of subordinates, ability of supervisory units to meet deadlines Human Resource Management Skills = skills in handling conflict, in organizing the right workforce for the right type of job, in establishing and maintaining empathy Personal Characteristics of a Leader = training, years of work experience and mental ability General (Abstract) Specific (Concrete) • Formulate Hypothesis • There is a significant correlation between supervisory effectiveness and human resource management skills measured in the aspects of the leader’s skill in: • handling conflict; • organizing the right workforce for the right type of job; • establishing and maintaining empathy: (variables may be expanded to include) • training; • years of work experience; and • mental ability.

19. Statement of the Problem Structure:▪ general statement of aim(s) or objective(s) containing variable / phenomenon measured, environment and time ▪ specific questions Research Designs Sample Verbs Descriptive Research ------------------------------------- describe, analyze, determine, illustrate Exploratory Research ------------------------------------ explore, examine, investigate Experimental Research ---------------------------------- determine the effects examine differences compare the results analyze the effect Action Research ---------------------------------- develop, propose, suggest, recommend, determine alternative approaches identify solutions formulate policies Comparative Research --------------------------------- compare determine similarities, differences Correlational Research ----------------------------------- determine (positive , negative) correlation

20. Example

21. The Hypothesis ▪ statement of expected relationship stated in null or alternative form using the following formats: Relational format (directional or non-directional relationships such as difference or correlation) Example: There is no significant difference in volatility transmission between the peso and rupiah before and during the crisis years. Explanatory / Causal Format: The Asian financial crisis has no effect on the volatility of the peso and the rupiah. N.B. Hypothesis is required in experimental research but may be optional in other types of research.

22. Significance of the Study ▪ brief introduction ▪ description (in concrete terms) who benefited and how Study–derived benefits may benefit any or all of the following: Example: Broad: The study will provide information for improving management of hotels. Specific: The study will provide hotel managers updated information on grievance procedures that can be used for reviewing and possibly improving the hotels’ present grievance machinery. Individual Level ▪ researchers ▪ students ▪ employees ▪ managers ▪ entrepreneurs Organizational Level ▪ firms ▪ industry ▪ associations ▪ schools ▪ funding agencies Others ▪ government ▪ communities ▪ consumers ▪ suppliers ▪ investors

23. Scope and Limitation ▪ indicates study coverage and limitations with concrete reference to: √ variables √ sources of data √ methods employed in data collection and analysis √ time frame √ constraints encountered in the investigation E.g. non-availability of data, uncooperativeness of respondents, inability of respondents to recall accurate responses, confidentiality of some relevant info

24. METHODOLOGY Research Design General Definition: Schema that maps out the sources of data, type of data to collect, how data will be collected, methods in data analysis, time constraints and the environment HNU Definition: type or category of research according to objective and method of data collection Descriptive Correlational Comparative Research DesignExploratory Action Evaluative Causal / Explanatory weak Experimentalquasi true

25. Research Environment ▪ identifies the specific place where data will be collected brief history ▪ may include brief history ▪ states reason for choice of place ▪ provides description of the special features that relate to the variables / problem ▪ may include geographical sketch or map

26. Research Respondents ▪ identifies number and characteristics of respondents ▪ may include table if respondents are stratified ▪ includes reason(s) for choice of respondents ▪ the sampling technique

27. simple random stratified random Probability systematic multi-stage or cluster Sampling quota purposive / judgment Non-probability convenience accidental snowball

28. Research Instrument ▪ technique / tool used to gather data ▪ scoring / measuring system ▪ if test or questionnaire it includes description of what the part measures ▪ validation technique ▪ if standardized or borrowed indicate how permission was secured

29. Types: Questionnaire Achievement Tests Interview Schedule Aptitude Tests Observation Form Ability Test Opinionaires Interest Inventories Document Analysis Forms Projective Tests Sociometric Electronic Tools Data Gathering Procedure Steps: Preparatory Process 1. Ask permission well in advance. 2. Send a copy of the outline of the research proposal and instruments. 3. Research proposal and instruments. 4. Time the visit to cover all aspects. 5. Ensure sufficient copies plus extras.

30. Arrival in the Research Environment 1. Report to the head of the institution. 2. Involve them in the research (if possible). 3. Be tactful at all times. 4. Fit into their normal schedules. 5. Check that equipment is in good working order. 6. Thank them for their assistance. In the Field Setting 1. Put respondents at ease. 2. Reassure them that it is not an examination. 3. Tell them that responses will be confidential. 4. Tell them the aims of the study (if appropriate). 5. Ensure an easy rapport. 6. Answer any questions or queries.

31. Definition of Terms Conceptual – “thinking” or dictionary based Operational – describes how variables are measured Example: Job Satisfaction The term refers to a “set of favorable or unfavorable feelings and emotions with which employees view their work” (Newton and Davis, 1993). To measure the level of job satisfaction of survivors, specific satisfaction, scales of the job diagnostic survey were utilized in the Attitude Questionnaire, wherein respondents were asked to rate on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = extremely dissatisfied to 7 = extremely satisfied) their feelings towards the different aspects of jobs) namely, job security, pay and compensation, peer and co-workers, supervision and opportunity for personal growth and development. Note: Only the variables and key terms in the title and statement of the problem are included the definition of terms. Other terms are defined or described in parts where they are found.