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The Great War

The Great War. 1914-1918. The Beginning of the Great War. http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/542430. American Neutrality. Foreign policy tradition Trading rights. Freedom of the seas?. Great Britain declares naval blockade against Germany, seizing all ships running the blockade.

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The Great War

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  1. The Great War 1914-1918

  2. The Beginning of the Great War • http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/542430

  3. American Neutrality • Foreign policy tradition • Trading rights

  4. Freedom of the seas? • Great Britain declares naval blockade against Germany, seizing all ships running the blockade Wilson’s Response America Too!

  5. German Response • The submarine is introduced into WWI as Germany announces its own blockade, threatening to sink on site any ships near the British Isles

  6. Sinking of the Lusitania • British “passenger” liner, the Lusitania, is sunk on May 7, 1915 • 128 Americans drown

  7. How Neutral? (mo money mo problems) • American business interests • J.P. Morgan’s loans to Britain and France • 4x trade with Allies, 0 trade with Germany

  8. But, still… • “We must be impartial in thought, as well as action.” • America was neither • Majority of native-born Americans supported Britain and France • British propaganda influenced Americans

  9. So, Just in Case • National Security League organized soon after European war began. • Roosevelt and other Republicans recognized inadequate Army and Navy • “Preparedness” • Initially against preparedness, Wilson got the National Defense Act passed in June 1916

  10. Any Objections? • Americans in the Midwest and West feared “preparedness” would lead us America to war • Populists, Progressives, Socialists, and Women Suffragists actively campaigned against involvement

  11. “He kept us out of war” • Roosevelt declines the Progressive Party’s nomination, rejoins the Republicans. • Republicans nominate Charles Evans Hughes • http://www.270towin.com/

  12. Wilson Declares War Woodrow Wilson declared war only one month after being sworn into office because of A. Submarines B. Business Interests C. Russian Revolution D. National Security League

  13. Why? How? • Wilson’s Peace Without Victory Speech- Jan.1917 • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- Jan. 1917 • The Zimmermann Telegram- Jan. 1917 (US receives in late Feb. 1917 from Britain) • Wilson’s Second Inaugural Address- March 1917 • U.S. declares war on Germany- April 6, 1917

  14. Wilson’s Peace Without Victory Speech- Jan.1917 • Group 1

  15. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- Jan. 1917 • Group 2

  16. The Zimmermann Telegram • Jan. 1917 (US receives in late Feb. 1917 from Britain) • Group 3

  17. Wilson’s Second Inaugural Address- March 1917 • Group 4

  18. U.S. declares war on Germany- April 6, 1917 • Group 5

  19. America at War • Why did the US have a difficult time staying out of World War I? • In a short essay, respond to the following prompt. Make sure to include events from 1914 up to the immediate causes.

  20. Fighting the War • Germany was preparing a knockout blow so the US had to mobilize quickly. • War Industries Board set production priorities and set controls over raw materials and prices. • Food Administration, led by Herbert Hoover. • Fuel Administration to save coal. Daylight savings time.

  21. DollaDolla Bills Y’all • Government raised $33 billion in two years through loans, taxes, and bonds.

  22. The Armed Forces • Selective Service Act of 1917 called 2.8 million men to serve. 4.7 million total Americans served. • Segregation applied to the army, with 400,000 African American soldiers. Only a few became officers.

  23. Public Opinion • Propaganda agency, Committee on Public Information, led by George Creel

  24. Espionage and Sedition Acts • Espionage Act of 1917- 20 years in prison for inciting rebellion in armed forces or obstructing the draft • Sedition Act of 1918- no disloyal or abusive remarks about US government • 2,000 prosecuted, half were jailed • Schenck v. United States

  25. What’s Going on at Home? • Women enter the workforce • Mexican immigration • African American migration north

  26. Fighting the War • Armed escorts for merchant ships to Britain • American Expeditionary Force commanded by General John J. Pershing • US troops filled in French and British lines, then took control of the Western front • American victory at Belleau Wood, Meuse River through the Argonne Forest

  27. Armistice Day • November 11, 1918 • Germany signed armistice to surrender arms, give up much of their navy, and evacuate occupied territory

  28. “Peace Without Victory” • Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Recognition of freedom of the seas • End of secret treaties • Reduction of national armaments • “impartial adjustment of all colonial claims” • Self-determination for nations within Austro-Hungarian Empire • League of Nations

  29. Treaty of Versailles • The Big Four- • Georges Clemenceau- France • David Lloyd George- Great Britain • Woodrow Wilson- USA • Vittorio Orlando- Italy • Sought revenge and compensation

  30. Peace…and Victory! • Germany disarmed and stripped of colonies in Asia, Africa • Admit guilt for war, pay huge reparations to Britain, France • Self-determination for former German territories • League of Nations- each nation ready to protect other nations

  31. Ratification • Republicans concerned with League of Nations • Irreconcilables- no entry into League, no matter what • Reservationists- could accept the League if reservations were added • Wilson goes all in, touring country for support • Ratification fails in 1919 and 1920

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