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Mongol Eurasia and its Aftermath, 1200-1500 Chapter 12. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200-1260. Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia. Nomads depended on: Resulting in: Hierarchy system headed by a.. Tribute Marriage Religion Religious pluralism Economy Strive for self sufficiency but.
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Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia • Nomads depended on: • Resulting in: • Hierarchy system headed by a.. • Tribute • Marriage • Religion • Religious pluralism • Economy • Strive for self sufficiency but..
The Mongol Conquests, 1215-1283 • Genghis Khan 1206-1234, and successors conquered all of ___ and were threatening the Song. • Unification (Great Khan in Mongolia) • Golden Horde • Jagadai, Central Asia • Il-Khans
1265 Khubilai declared himself Great Khan. • Yuan Empire • Southern Song • Annam • Champa
Ability to conquer • Horsemanship • Weapons • Technique • Adaptation • Recruit • Reputation/intimidation • opportunists
Overland Trade and the Plague • Eurasia • What type of knowledge was exchanged between: Europe, Middle East, China, Iran, and Japan? • Diseases • Spread via trade routes from Southwest China to the ______.
Mongol Rivalry • 1260s rivalry between the Il-Khan Mongol Empire and their Muslim subjects were tense. • Why? • At the same time Russia was under the Golden Horde, led by Batu who converted to Islam. What were his intentions?
What role did Europe play in this conflict? • A failed alliance Islam and the State • Il-Khan State used the tax farming system. • Worked at first; However: • What attempts were made to fix this? • 1295-1349 depression • Noble Mongols fought each other for left over revenues • Golden Horde invaded • Timurids emerged in the Middle East
Culture and Science in Islamic Eurasia • Juvaini • Rashid al-Din, Jew who converted to Islam and advisor to Il-Khans, wrote… • What does this tell us about the Mongol world?
Astronomy • calendars, epicycles, prediction of eclipses • Mathematics • Adapted Indian numerical system • More accurate calculation of pi • Passed on to _______.
Russia and Rule from Afar • Golden Horde made their capital at the mouth of Volga, ruling Russia from afar • Goal: • The Mongols favored Novgorod and Moscow. Why? • These cities emerged as center of Russian civilization.
Historic controversy • Some historians believe in the “Mongol yoke” • Some believe that Kievan state was already declining before Mongol rule due to: • Ivan III, the prince of Moscow, ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of “ “.
New States in Eastern Europe and Anatolia • How did the forces of the Mongols take over Eastern Europe? • International force • Vienna • Withdrew • Diplomatic trade • “I’m losing my religion”
Rise of Lithuania (and Balkan kingdoms) • Due to • Antolia to Constantinople • Islamic culture • Ottomans, in eastern Anatolia in the 1300s were kept in check by the Timurids, expanded eastward in the 1400s and conquered Constantinople in 1453.
The Yuan Empire, 1279-1368 • Khubilia Khan practiced Chinese tradition and government. • Fragmented: Song, Tanggut, and Jin were unified. • Beijing • Lamas • Government innovations • Tax farming • W. Asian officials • Hierarchy • Decline in Confucianism • Merchants and doctors elevated
Urban prosperity • Trade and merchants flourished • Corporations • Literature • Gentry • Mandarin dialect developed • Rural decline. Why? • Population decline. Why?
Cultural and Scientific Exchange • Exchange of technological, and mathematical knowledge was common between Iran (______) and China (_____). They both enjoyed good relations and had similar policies and sponsored intellectual pursuits. • Yuan imported: • Il-khans imported:
The Fall of the Yuan Empire • Problems: • Zhu Yuanzhang (Chinese) brought an end to years of chaos and rebellions. • Ming dynasty • Rivals: Mongols, Jurchens (Jins),
Ming China on a Mongol Foundation • Goals of Zhu Yuanzhang/Hongwu: • close trade with C. Asia and Middle East • Reassert _______ • Nanjing • Continuation of (Yuan): • Provincial • Hereditary professional categories • Mongol calendar
1405-1433 the Ming dispatched a series of expeditions to: • Zheng He • Added some luxury goods and 50 tribute countries. • Why did voyages end?
Technology and Population • Slowdown in technological innovation. • Why? • _____ and _____ moved ahead of China in technological innovation. • Korea- firearms, shipping, meteorology, calendars • Japan- mining, metallurgy, and household goods
The Ming Achievement • The Ming was a period of great wealth, consumerism, cultural brilliance, literature, and luxury goods.
Korea from the Mongols to the Yi, 1231-1500 • Korea concedes in 1258 • King of Koryo merges family • Profited from technology (Yuan) • Collapsed after the Yuan fell, replaced by Yi dynasty (after Ming). • Continuation of Ming
Technology • Moveable type, meteorological science, calendar, fertilizer reservoirs, cotton • Military • Patrol ships, cannons, arrow launchers, armored ships
Political Transformation in Japan 1274-1500 • First invasion 1272 against the decentralized Kamakura • Result: • Second invasion 1281.. • Result:
Kamakura shogunate destroyed by.. • Ashikaga period 1338 • Relatively weak, schools, increased agriculture, and artistic creativity • Onin war 1477 • Local rivalry • More decentralized
The Emergence of Vietnam, 1200-1500 • Divided • Chinese-influenced Annam in the north • Indian-influenced Champa in the south • (tribute from both) • After fall of Yuan, the two Vietnams resumed war with each other • Ming rule • Ruled Annam early 15th until 1428. • By 1500, Annam completely defeated Champa and established a _________ style government over all of Vietnam.
Conclusion • In every case, the threat or reality of Mongol invasion led to: • How did they deal with cultural, ethnic diversity? • How was trade effected?