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Four Separate Wars for Independence

Four Separate Wars for Independence. From Albion’s Seed by David Hackett Fischer. 1 . Popular insurrection in New England (1775-1776) 2. Prolonged conflict in the Middle States and the South (1776-1781) 3. The war within the war in the backcountry (1779-1781)

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Four Separate Wars for Independence

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  1. Four Separate Wars for Independence From Albion’s Seed by David Hackett Fischer. 1. Popular insurrection in New England (1775-1776) 2. Prolonged conflict in the Middle States and the South (1776-1781) 3. The war within the war in the backcountry (1779-1781) 4. The non-violent diplomatic and economic struggle (1781-1783)

  2. 1. New England Uprising • British Army vs. Yankee Militia • Sought to defend their established ways • Paul Revere • Lexington and Concord • Bunker Hill • Fort Ticonderoga

  3. High Casualties demonstrate fierce fighting in New England Lexington and Concord • British lost 30% of the force of 700. • Minutemen lost 93

  4. Bunker Hill • 1000 dead or wounded • 47% of the British force • ”Don’t fire ‘til you see the whites of their eyes!” --Israel Putnam or William Prescott

  5. Loyalists • British officials, Wealthy merchants and large landholders • Anglican ministers, blacks and Indians • Criticized British Actions--preferred peaceful protests • Feared violence would lead to mob rule

  6. Dutch, German and Quakers • New York, New Jersey, Georgia • Carolinas: Backwoods farmers were loyalists, Coastal planters were patriot • 20% of the population

  7. Patriots • Merchants, lawyers, southern planters, middle-class • Most were highly educated and wealthy • Supported by lower class • Believed in self-rule and free trade

  8. Presbyterians, Congregationalists (Puritans) • Scots-Irish who opposed the Crown • New England and Virginia • 40% of the population

  9. 2. Conflict in the Middle States and Coastal South Professional Army of Regulars and mercenaries commanded by British Gentry vs. Professional American Army led by a member of the Virginia Gentry

  10. Sequence of the War • New York 1776 • PA, NJ and New York 1777-80 • South 1779-1781 • 400,000 served in Continental Army yet never more than 20,000 at one time • 25,000 dead, 1% of the population, today that would be 3 million people

  11. Key Battles and Events • Trenton and Princeton • Valley Forge • Saratoga • French Alliance • War in the South • Yorktown

  12. 3. War in the Backcountry • Backcountry Colonists against American loyalists and British regulars. • Savage struggle • Family feuding and atrocities on both sides

  13. “The American Revolution was, in fact, our nation’s First Civil War.” • What portions of the American Revolution supports the statement? • Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Why?

  14. 4. Diplomatic and Economic War • Non-violent economic and diplomatic struggle • Led by the elites of the Delaware Valley • B.F. and Robert Morris • In the early part of the War emphasis was to garner support • Why would this have been a hard “sell?”

  15. Treaty Of Paris • Spain, Fr, G.B. and the US • G.B. recognized 13 colonies as free, sovereign and independent states • US border extends to Mississippi River • All debts to be repaid • Loyalists receive restitution for land lost • End persecution of Loyalists

  16. How did the Colonists Win? • What advantages did the British have during the War? • America won because of: • Geography • Morale • Military leadership • Diplomacy

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