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Cell Structures

Cell Structures. Cell Parts and Functions. Plasma membrane – envelopes the whole cell and allows nutrients in and wastes out Cytoplasm – constitutes the interior of the cell and controls metabolism Nucleus – directs all cell activity and contains the genetic material

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Cell Structures

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  1. Cell Structures HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 1 of 13

  2. Cell Parts and Functions • Plasma membrane – envelopes the whole cell and allows nutrients in and wastes out • Cytoplasm – constitutes the interior of the cell and controls metabolism • Nucleus – directs all cell activity and contains the genetic material • Ribosomes – synthesizes proteins • Mitochondria – energy source for cell by assembly, storage, and release of ATP • Lysosome – recycling center that breaks down large molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond • Endoplasmic reticulum – transports chemicals between cells and within cells • Golgi complex – modifies, stores, and secretes chemicals HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 2 of 13

  3. Free Radicals Water exposed to radiation results in an ion pair The water ion combines with water to produce hydronium and a free radical H2O + radiation → H2O+ + e- H2O+ + H2O → H3O+ + OH∙ Hydronium can combine with a free electron to produce water and a free radical Free radicals can combine with like free radicals to produce hydrogen gas or hydrogen peroxide H3O+ + e- → H2O + H∙ H∙ + H∙ → H2 OH∙ + OH∙ → H2O2 If oxygen is present, a free radical can combine with it, resulting in a hydroperoxyl radical Hydroperoxyl radicals can combine with other free radicals to produce hydrogen peroxide H∙ + O2 → H2O∙ HO2∙ + H∙ → H2O2 HO2∙ + HO2∙ → H2O2 HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 3 of 13

  4. Damage to DNA or Chromosomes HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 4 of 13

  5. Normal Cell Division – No Radiation Involved Cell Division Parent Cell Cell Division Normal Daughter Cells HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 5 of 13

  6. Radiation Damage Repaired – Followed By Normal Cell Division Cell Division Parent Cell Radiation Damage Repaired Cell Division Normal Daughter Cells HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 6 of 13

  7. Radiation Damage Resulting in Abnormal Daughter Cells Cell Division Parent Cell Radiation Cell Division Abnormal Daughter Cells HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 7 of 13

  8. Radiation Damage -- Daughter Cells Incapable of Life Cell Division Parent Cell Radiation Cell Division Daughter Cells Die HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 8 of 13

  9. Severe Radiation Damage -- Parent Cell Dies Cell Division Parent Cell Severe Radiation Parent Cell Dies HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 9 of 13

  10. Most Sensitive Sperm cells Leukocytes – white blood cells Erythrocytes – red blood cells Blood Forming Tissue – bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes Fetal Cells Moderately Sensitive Digestive System Vascular System – affected in many ways Outer and inner layers of skin Hair follicles Least Sensitive Muscle Collagen – connective tissue Central Nervous System Bone Radiosensitivity of Cells HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 10 of 13

  11. Threshold Doses Dose Health Effect 5 Rad Blood Changes 10 Rad Chromosome Aberrations 15 Rad Temporary sterility in men, up to 4 yr 50 Rad Decreased white blood cells, nausea, vomiting, immune system depression 100 Rad Mild radiation sickness, survival almost certain 150 Rad Mortality rare, ovulatory suppression 200 Rad Hematopoietic syndrome, permanent sterility in men and temporary in women, survival possible 300 Rad Hair loss, erythema, blisters, scarring, survival possible 600 Rad Gastrointestinal syndrome, permanent sterility in women aged 15 to 40, death likely 1000 Rad Central nervous system syndrome, survival virtually impossible HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 11 of 13

  12. Dog Species Human * Monkey Sheep Burro Guinea pig Swine Marmoset Goat LD50 Rads 155 155 195 200 230 255 398 320-360 265 Mouse Human *** Human ** Rabbit Gerbil Desert Mice Species 1059 900 480-540 > 540 LD50 Rads 1520 840 Lethality Dose * With medical care ** With supportive medical care *** With intensive medical care HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 12 of 13

  13. Lymph Nodes Subcutaneous Tissue Extracellular Fluid (Including Blood) Organs GI Tract Skin Liver Internal Deposition Inhalation Exhalation Wound Ingestion Lungs Bile Kidneys Feces Perspiration Urine HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 13 of 13

  14. Drowning Natural Bkgd Safest jobs Alcohol use Auto accident All accidents Overweight ** Home accident Smoking * Health Risk 8 2370 (6.5 years) 41 95 985 (2.7 years) Days Lost 200 435 (1.2 years) 30 130 1 Rem/yr 30 yr 1 Rem *** All catastrophes Medical X-rays 5 Rem/yr 30 yr Health Risk Days Lost 1 30 6 150 3.5 Loss of Life Expectancy * 20 cigarettes (1 pack) per day ** by 20% *** Industry average occupational exposure is 0.34 Rem/year HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 14 of 13

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