Modal Model of the Mind

1. Maintenance Rehearsal Long-term memory Sensory Memory Working or Short-term Memory Encoding Attention Sensory Input Retrieval Modal Model of the Mind

2. Maintenance Rehearsal Long-term memory Sensory Memory Working or Short-term Memory Encoding Attention Sensory Input Retrieval Modal Model of the Mind • Three memory store that differ in function, capacity and duration • Control processes - control movement of information within and between memory stores

3. Sensory Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Store • Function - holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics • Capacity - large • can hold many items at once • Duration - very brief retention of images • .3 sec for visual info • 2 sec for auditory info

4. Sensory Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Store • Divided into two subtypes: • iconic memory - visual information • echoic memory - auditory information • Visual or iconic memory was discovered by Sperling in 1960

5. Sperling’s Experiment • Presented matrix of letters for 1/20 seconds • Report as many letters as possible • Subjects recall only half of the letters • Was this because subjects didn’t have enough time to view entire matrix? No • How did Sperling know this? K Z R Q B T S G N

6. K Z R Q B T S G N High Medium Low Sperling’s Experiment • Sperling showed people can see and recall ALL the letters momentarily • Sounded low, medium or high tone immediately after matrix disappeared • tone signaled 1 row to report • recall was almost perfect • Memory for image fades after 1/3 seconds or so, making report of entire display hard to do

7. Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment 1. Letters are displayed on a screen for 1/20 of a second Q C F T S K G O W R J B

8. Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment 2. Screen is blank

9. Length of time varies up to one second 3. Tone is sounded, indicating row HIGH MEDIUM LOW Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment

10. 4. Subject reports letters in row indicated by tone S, K, G, ... Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment

11. Sperling’s Iconic Memory Experiment G V U L S J N A Z A M K X F Q O U N

12. What Letters Do You See?

13. What Letters Do You See?

14. What Letters Do You See?

15. What Letters Do You See?

16. What Letters Do You See?

17. Sensory Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Store • Sensory memory forms automatically, without attention or interpretation • Attention is needed to transfer information to working memory

18. Sensory Memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Attention Working Memory Store

19. Sensory Memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Attention Working Memory Store • Function - conscious processing of information • where information is actively worked on • Capacity - limited (holds 7 +/- 2 items) • Duration - brief storage (about 30 seconds) • Code- Often based on sound or speech even with visual inputs.

20. Working Memory Store • What happens if you need to keep information in working memory longer than 30 seconds? • To demonstrate, memorize the following phone number (presented one digit at a time): 8 5 7 9 1 6 3

21. Working Memory Store • What is the number? 857-9163 The number lasted in your working memory longer than 30 seconds So, how were you able to remember the number?

22. Maintenance Rehearsal Sensory Memory Working or Short-term Memory Attention Sensory Input Maintenance Rehearsal • Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds

23. Maintenance Rehearsal • What happens if you can’t use maintenance rehearsal? • Memory decays quickly • To demonstrate, again memorize a phone number (presented one digit at a time) • BUT, have to count backwards from 1,000 by sevens (i.e., 1014, 1007, 1000 … etc.) 6 2 8 5 0 9 4

24. Working Memory Store • What is the number? 628-5094 Without rehearsal, memory fades

25. Peterson’s STM Task • Test of memory for 3-letter nonsense syllables • Participants count backwards for a few seconds, then recall • Without rehearsal, memory fades

26. Working Memory Store • What happens if you need to remember more than 7 +/- 2 items? • To demonstrate, memorize the following 16 digit number (presented one digit at a time): 1 4 9 2 1 8 1 2 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 1

27. Chunking • Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information • expands working memory load • Which is easier to remember? • 4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6 • 483 792 516

28. Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuospatial Sketch Pad Working Memory Model • Baddeley (1992) • 3 interacting components

29. Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuospatial Sketch Pad Working Memory Model • Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info • Phonological loop - holds verbal information • Central executive - coordinates all activities of working memory; brings new information into working memory from sensory and long-term memory

30. Maintenance Rehearsal Long-term memory Sensory Memory Working or Short-term Memory Encoding Attention Sensory Input Retrieval Long-Term Memory Store • Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory

31. Maintenance Rehearsal Long-term memory Sensory Memory Working or Short-term Memory Encoding Attention Sensory Input Retrieval Long-Term Memory Store • Function - organizes and stores information • more passive form of storage than working memory • Unlimited capacity • Duration - thought by some to be permanent

32. Maintenance Rehearsal Long-term memory Sensory Memory Working or Short-term Memory Encoding Attention Sensory Input Retrieval Long-Term Memory Store • Encoding - process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store • Retrieval - process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store

33. Summary • Modal model of memory • three memory stores (sensory, working and long-term memory) • control processes (attention, maintenance rehearsal, encoding and retrieval) govern movement of information within and between stores