Vitamins and Minerals Nutrition. Blood-Forming Agents. Dermatologic, Ophthalmic and Otic Agents

1. Vitamins and Minerals Nutrition. Blood-Forming Agents. Dermatologic, Ophthalmic and Otic Agents

2. Vitamins • Organic substances necessary for metabolic functioning • Found in foods • Inadequate intake leads to deficiencies

3. Vitamins • Organic substances necessary for metabolic functioning • Found in foods • Inadequate intake leads to deficiencies • Most signs and symptoms of deficiencies can be corrected by administering the correct vitamin

4. Vitamin Deficiencies • Keratomalacia • Vitamin A deficiency • Softens the cornea • Rickets • Beriberi • Pallagra • Scurvy

5. Vitamin Deficiencies • Keratomalacia • Rickets • Vitamin D deficiency • Causes bending of the bones • Beriberi • Pallagra • Scurvy

6. Vitamin Deficiencies • Keratomalacia • Rickets • Beriberi • Vitamin B1 deficiency • Causes polyneuritis, edema, and cardiac problems • Pallagra • Scurvy

7. Vitamin Deficiencies • Keratomalacia • Rickets • Beriberi • Pallagra • Vitamin B3 deficiency • Causes dermatitis and diarrhea • Scurvy

8. Vitamin Deficiencies • Keratomalacia • Rickets • Beriberi • Pallagra • Scurvy • Vitamin C deficiency • Causes anemia, spongy gums, hemorrhages, and brawny induration of calf and leg muscles

9. Classification of Vitamins • Fat-Soluble – maintained in stores in the liver • Excessive amounts can collect and cause toxicity • Water-Soluble – readily excreted by the kidneys • Deficiency is quickly apparent, but overdose is unlikely

10. Fat-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin A (Retinol) • Normal growth, bone formation, shedding of epithelial tissue, retinal function, reproductive function, stability of cell membrane • Vitamin D (ergocalciferol) • Vitamin E (tocopherol) • Vitamin K (phytonadione)

11. Fat-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin A (Retinol) • Vitamin D (ergocalciferol) • Calcium and phosphate balance • Vitamin E (tocopherol) • Vitamin K (phytonadione)

12. Fat-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin A (Retinol) • Vitamin D (ergocalciferol) • Vitamin E (tocopherol) • Antioxidant for unsaturated fatty acids • Vitamin K (phytonadione)

13. Fat-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin A (Retinol) • Vitamin D (ergocalciferol) • Vitamin E (tocopherol) • Vitamin K (phytonadione) • Functions in the formation of prothrombin and plays a role in blood clotting

14. Water-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) • Improves the ability of the immune system, has anti-inflammatory activity and promotes wound healing • Vitamin B1 (thiamine) • Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) • Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, niacin)

15. Water-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) • Vitamin B1 (thiamine) • Acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism • Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) • Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, niacin)

16. Water-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) • Vitamin B1 (thiamine) • Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) • Maintains the integrity of mucous membranes and metabolic energy pathways • Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, niacin)

17. Water-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) • Vitamin B1 (thiamine) • Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) • Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, niacin) • Involved in fat synthesis, electron transport, and protein metabolism

18. Water-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) • Forms part of the coenzyme system • Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) • Vitamin B9 (folic acid) • Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

19. Water-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) • Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) • Coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism • Vitamin B9 (folic acid) • Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

20. Water-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) • Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) • Vitamin B9 (folic acid) • Provides for production of healthy red blood cells and decreases the risk of birth defects • Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

21. Water-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) • Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) • Vitamin B9 (folic acid) • Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) • Helps in the production of red blood cells

22. TPN Labeling • Patient’s name • Address or hospital unit • Solution name, concentration, and volume • Additives • EXPIRATION DATE

23. Body Fluids • Water is the major constituent of living cells • Extracellular and intracellular fluids are largely water • A loss of 25% of body water can lead to death

24. Electrolytes • Compounds that form ions when dissolved in water • Na+ - primary cation of extracellular fluid • Retains fluid in the body, generates and transmits nerve impulses, maintains acid-base balance, regulates enzyme activities, and regulates osmolarity and electroneutrality

25. Electrolytes • K+ - primary cation of intracellular fluid • Regulates acid-base and water balance, important in protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, muscle building, and the nervous system • Ca++ • Important in bone formation, muscle contraction, and blood coagulation

26. Electrolytes • Cl- • Transports CO2, forms HCl in the stomach, retains K+, maintains osmolarity • H+ • Determines the acidity and alkalinity of body fluids

27. Electrolytes • Mg++ - 2nd most abundant cation in intracellular fluids • Helps maintain normal nerve and muscular function, transmission of impulses, and steady heart rhythms

28. Discussion Why would a patient need an injection of B12?

29. Discussion Why would a patient need an injection of B12? Answer: low red blood cell count