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To Jesus the Good Shepherd: Open my eyes, that I might see your glorious light.

To Jesus the Good Shepherd: Open my eyes, that I might see your glorious light. Open my mind, that I may know Your Truth. Open my heart, that I might receive your healing touch. Open my ears, that I might hear you say, “I Love You”. Amen. . Announcements.

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To Jesus the Good Shepherd: Open my eyes, that I might see your glorious light.

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  1. To Jesus the Good Shepherd: Open my eyes, that I might see your glorious light. Open my mind, that I may know Your Truth. Open my heart, that I might receive your healing touch. Open my ears, that I might hear you say, “I Love You”. Amen.

  2. Announcements • HW: Read Part II of Chapter 7/Quiz on Tuesday • Tomorrow: Adoration • Looking ahead: • Tuesday November 9th –Quiz (Part I Ch. 7 and Ch. 6) • Monday November 15th –Exam II Chapter 6 and 7

  3. Chapter 7 Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism

  4. Byzantium Part I

  5. Byzantium • Center of religious, political, economic activity • Maritime power • Key trading center • Founded by Constantine the Great

  6. Constantinople • Surrounded by formidable walls • Christian • Dedicated under Christian and pagan rites • Mortal enemy – Islam

  7. The Byzantines • Roman in their Laws • Greek in their culture • Oriental in their habits

  8. Byzantine Christianity • Missionary activity = National Churches • More Christians than in Rome • Patriarch/Emperor relationship overshadowed papacy

  9. Caesaropapism • Temporal ruler extends authority over ecclesiastical and theological matters

  10. Justinian I • Viewed self as head of Church and State • Last great ruler in Roman tradition • Advanced architecture, fine arts, and law

  11. Hagia Sophia

  12. Codex Justinianus • Systemization of all Roman Laws • Highest achievement in classical legal scholarship • Foundation of Canon Law

  13. Codex Justinianus Protection of Freewomen Married to Servile Husbands, c. 530 [Vll.24.i.] “Since in our times, in which we take great pains for the liberty of our subjects, we consider it ungodly that certain women are cheated of their liberty and, because slavery was introduced against natural liberty by the ferocity of the enemy, and this has been brought about by the depravity of the worst of men, we desire to suspend from henceforth…”

  14. Code of Canon Law TITLE VI. DELICTS AGAINST HUMAN LIFE AND FREEDOM (Cann. 1397 - 1398) Can. 1397 A person who commits a homicide or who kidnaps, detains, mutilates, or gravely wounds a person by force or fraud is to be punished with the privations and prohibitions mentioned in can. 1336 Can. 1398 A person who procures a completed abortion incurs a lataesententiae excommunication.

  15. Theodora: The Heretic

  16. Monophysitism and Justinian • Justinian’s wife was sympathetic to heresy • Led Justinian to want to reconcile heresy with the Church

  17. Emperor Heraclius • Asked Church/Constantinople to fund war (Persians) • Promised repayment • Promised to liberate Jerusalem • Successful –venerates True Cross

  18. The Iconoclast Controversy Part II

  19. Icons • Flat/two-dimensional picture of Christ, the Virgin Mother, or saint • Christian Acts of Piety • Invitation to prayer

  20. Abuse of Icons • Common belief: • Icons had special powers • Idolatry

  21. Iconoclasts • Sought to destroy icons/ purge the practice of icons within the Christian faith

  22. First IconoclasmEmperor Leo III • Theological pressures • Monophysites/ Manichaenists –Christ cannot be portrayed • Christian ally with Muslims/Jews –God cannot be portrayed

  23. First IconoclasmEmperor Leo III(717-741) • Conversion of Muslims and Jews sought (unity) • Icons destroyed to reach goal

  24. Emperor Leo III’s Edict • Icons = idolatry • Condemned by pope and patriarch of Constantinople • Persecuted non-adherents

  25. St. John of Damascus • Defended use of icons (Iconophile) • Fount of Wisdom • Jesus becoming man gave permission for use of icons

  26. St. John of DamascusWhy it’s good to have images: “We proclaim [God] also by our senses on all sides, and we sanctify the noblest sense, which is that of sight. The image is a memorial, just what words are to a listening ear. What a book is to those who can read, that an image is to those who cannot read. The image speaks to the sight as words to the ear; it brings us understanding.”

  27. Constantine V • Iconoclast • Tried to gain support of Greek Church • Council of Hiereia (against icons)

  28. Empress Irene

  29. Seventh Ecumenical CouncilSecond Council of Nicaea (787) • Veneration of icons accepted • Adoration defined = God • Pope Adrian I

  30. Second Iconoclasm Leo V (815-843) • Iconoclasm –military strength • Patriarch reinstated the Council of Hiereria

  31. The Rise of the Carolingians and the Independent Papacy Part III

  32. Carolingian Line • Pepin the Short • Granted Frankish rule by Pope St. Zachary • Supported by St. Boniface

  33. Establishment of Papal States • Pope Stephen: Supported Pepin the Short for Carolingian support Condemned anyone who disobeyed Pepin

  34. Charlemagne (R. 769-814) • Christian public policy • Synods/Council decrees lawfully binding • Reformed Clergy, raised money for the Church • Missidominici

  35. Charlemagne’s Relationship to the Papacy • Defeated the Lombards • “Patrician of Rome” • Restored Pope Leo III to power

  36. Charlemagne Crowned Emperor • Crowned by Pope Leo III • Germans included in Roman civilization • Upset Byzantine Emperors

  37. Carolingian Renaissance • Combated cultural decay • Emphasized education/art • Every parish/monastery req. to have a school

  38. Alcuin the Carolingian Scholar • Biblical/theological texts • Latin Grammar • Mathematical tracts • Tours Bible • Revised Roman Lectionary/Gregorian Sacramentary

  39. The Great Schism Part IV

  40. The Great Schism • The final shattering communion between the Eastern and Western Church

  41. The great schism • Did not happen overnight • Began with the founding of Constantinople

  42. Timeline : the Great Schism • 4th c. – Constantinople founded • 9th c. – Iconoclasm/Charlemagne • 11th c. – Final split/ attempted excommunication of the pope

  43. The Great Schism • Not a theo. dispute • Distance between E./W. • Church hierarchy

  44. Hierarchy • W. Christians accepting of pope • E. Christians minimized papal power

  45. Filioque Controversy • “and the Son” added to the Creed (Third Council of Toledo) • Patriarch of Constantinople refused to accept change

  46. Why was it rejected? • Council of Chalcedon declared that the Creed could not be changed • Patriarch upheld this ruling

  47. The Photian Schism • Patriarch Ignatius refused govt. official Holy Communion • Emperor removed Patriarch from position

  48. The Photian Schism • Legates sent sided with emperor • Pope excommunicated legates/demanded Ignatius be reinstated

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