How do we use different scientific techniques to study the genome of organisms?

1. How do we use different scientific techniques to study the genome of organisms?

2. What is a genome? • A genome is an organisms complete set of chromosomes, including all of it’s genes. • It is like a library that contains every single book of instructions needed to make you who you are. Each book represents a gene with the instructions to make one protein.

3. How do scientists study the genome? • Karyotyping- Scientists look at pictures all of an organisms chromosomes and compare it to other chromosomes, identifying chromosomal differences.

4. How do scientists study the genome? • DNA Fingerprinting- Scientists can look at specific parts of a genome to identify similarities and differences between two different organisms.

5. How do scientists study the genome? • Genetic Manipulation- Scientists study the genomes of organisms in order to discover what genes can be changed, and what the outcomes of those changes could be.

6. DNA Fingerprinting • Scientists use restriction enzymes that cut DNA into smaller pieces. • Once DNA has been cut, scientists then need to separate the DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis.

7. DNA Fingerprinting • The smaller the DNA fragment, the faster and farther it moves.

8. DNA Fingerprinting • The pattern of DNA fragments that shows up on the gel is called a restriction map or a DNA fingerprint. NOVA Video: The Killer’s Trail What are other ways we could use DNA fingerprinting?

9. Who’s the Daddy?

10. DNA Fingerprinting

11. Gene Manipulation • Selective Breeding • Increasing Variation • Genetic Engineering

12. Selective Breeding • Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation in plants, animals, and other organisms, to pass desired traitson to the next generation • What are some examples of selective breeding that you can think of?

13. Selective Breeding

14. Hybridization • Hybridization, the crossing of two different species that share common genes, occurs in many different groups of animals when similar species live in the same area and there are not enough mates or are bred by humans. male lion + female tiger = liger

15. Hybridization zedonk cama Hybrids are usually sterile.

16. Genetic Engineering • By studying the genome of organisms, scientists can isolate genes and learn how to change them. • Changing genes allows scientists to clone or transform organisms.

17. Genetic Engineering • A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism. • Some plants clone themselves from their roots. • Bacteria produce identical copies of themselves through binary fission • To clone a mammal, scientists swap DNA between cells with a technique called nuclear transfer. • If you could have your pet cloned, would you? Would they look the same? Act the same? What factors could influence your pet other than just the DNA?

18. Genetic Engineering

19. Genetic Engineering • This technology is controversial because some studies suggest that cloned animals may suffer from genetic defects and health problems. • Cloning in humans raises serious ethical and moral issues. • What would some of these moral issues be?

20. Cell Transformation- Transforming Bacteria (recombinant DNA) During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a component of the cell’s DNA. Bacterium Plasmid Free DNA Transformed Bacterium Plasmid + DNA

21. Cell Transformation In bacteria, the circular DNA molecule is known as a plasmid. • When organisms contain genes from another species, they are called transgenic. • These transformed bacteria produce proteins cheaply, quickly, and abundantly.

22. Examples are human insulin for people with diabetes, growth hormones and clotting factor for people with hemophilia.

24. Examples of Other Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Plants- also called genetically modified (GM) Plants can contain genes that produce a natural insecticide so that plants do not have to be sprayed. In the future, plants could produce human antibodies to help fight diseases. GM plants are also developed toproduce crops with larger yields.

25. Examples of Other Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Animals- laboratory mice have been produced with human genes so that their immune systems are similar to humans. This way scientists can study human diseases using mice. Some livestock have extra copies of growth hormone genes which allows them to grow faster and have leaner meat.

26. Gene Therapy • Genetic screening can detect genetic disorders and involves the testing of DNA to • Determine the risk of having or passing on a geneticdisorder • Detect specific genes or proteins, including those that related to an increased risk of cancer or certain genetic disorders

27. Gene Therapy • Gene therapy replaces defective or missing genes, or adds new genes, to treat a disease.

28. Genetic Engineering • Should there be limits for the scientific community? • TED Talk