Treaty of Tordesillas

1. Treaty of Tordesillas Spain and Portugal were the first countries to make a push for exploration. The Treaty of Tordesillasdivided the world between Spain and Portugal to keep the peace; everything west of the line belonged to Spain, while everything east of the line belonged to Portugal.

2. Quote from Spanish Conquistador: • “to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich, as all men desire to do.” Colony: a settlement of a group of people who leave their native country to live in a new land that is subject to or connected with the parent nation. Mercantilism: a political and economic system that seeks to secure a nation’s dominance over other nations by accumulating wealth through trade (exporting more than importing) European Colonies In the Americas

3. Begins with the Conquistadors in the late 15th century in the Caribbean (West Indies), then Mexico, and South America • Focus is on extracting resources from the colonies. • Silver & Gold from mainland (Mexico): process was difficult & dangerous so the Spanish use the natives to work • Sugar from the islands (West Indies): use the natives as their forced labor (slaves) • St. Augustine, Florida: founded in 1565 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés • Oldest continuously occupied  European-established city and port in the continental U.S. • Served as a base for further explorations. • Cabral landed in Brazil in 1500; the first permanent settlement established in 1532 at São Vicente • Portuguese establish the sugar cane industry which required intensive labor Spanish & Portuguese Colonies

4. 16th century – 240,000 Spaniards emigrated to the American Colonies; 17th century – 500,000 Spaniard emigrated • Before Columbus, it is estimated by there were several hundred thousand indigenous people in Hispaniola; by 1509 that population declined to 60,000. • The population of Mexico declined by an estimated 90% by the early 17th century. • In Peru, the indigenous population went from 6.5 million to one million by the early 17th century. • Population declines due to disease and over-work • Cultural Impact: • many indigenous people were converted to Christianity. • Spanish is the language of many countries in central America Impact of Spanish Colonies

5. Impact • Indigenous population is forced to work plantations • Many die from over-work or disease • Atlantic Slave Trade established • As the indigenous population declines, Portuguese needed more laborers • By the mid 1500s, they find a solution: import slaves from the continent of Africa • Population of Brazil speaks Portuguese, not Spanish Impact of Portuguese Colonies

6. Sugar cane industry in brazil

7. After the initial explorations of the “new world”, the English settled along the Atlantic coast of North America • The first settlement: Roanoke Colony established in 1586, but abandoned a year later • 2nd Colony was established in the same area but disappeared : “The Lost Colony” • Government of England gave land grants to stockholder companies in 1606 • Plymouth Company: given land north of the 41st parallel • Virginia Company: given land south of the 38th parallel English Colonies in the America’s

8. English land grants

9. Jamestown Colony was established by the Virginia Company in 1607 • Plymouth Colony established in 1620 by the Pilgrims . • Massachusetts Bay Colony is established in 1628 • The Puritans established settlements in the eastern part of the Mass. Bay Colony. Those who disagreed with the Puritans established new colonies. • By 1732, thirteen English colonies stretched along the east coast of present-day U.S. from New Hampshire to Georgia First Settlements

10. First English Colony’s Roanoke Colony & Jamestown Plymouth & Massachusetts Bay

11. Original thirteen colonies

12. Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River and claimed the region for France in 1536. • Samuel de Champlain extended French claims in North America. • 1608 Champlain founded the city of Quebec. Helped the Algonquin and Huron Indians defeat the Iroquois • French explored the interior of Canada and North America from the Appalachian Mountains west to the Mississippi • French settlements are mostly trading posts • Little control over the region because there was a lack of settlers French Colonies in the America’s

13. French territory in north America St. Lawrence River French Colonies

14. Indigenous populations are devastated through military force or disease Indigenous populations are forced to move as colonists settle more land English & French are the predominant languages of North America English Common Law becomes basis for colonial law Impact of English & French colonization