Technological, Economical and Ecological Role of Agricultural Mechanization in Sustainable Viticulture

1. Technological, Economical and Ecological Role of Agricultural Mechanization in Sustainable Viticulture Anıl GÜCÜYEN Department of Agricultural Machinery Ege University Faculty of Agriculture İzmir-TURKEY

2. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Contents • Comperative Values • Climate of Turkey • The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization • General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs • Cultural Operations • Soil Tillage • Pruning • Removing Pruning Waste • Fertilization • Plant Protection • Irrigation • Harvesting • Conculusion

3. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Grape output in 2005 shown as a percenteage of the top producer (Italy 8 553 580 tonnes) Where is TURKEY?

4. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

5. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Some General Indicators • Agricultural area • Use of agricultural area • Agricultural regions • Farm size • Employment • Trade of agricultural goods • Viticulture and Viniculture regions of Turkey • Most important wine varieties in Turkey

6. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Vineyard Areas of Some Countries (1000 ha)

7. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Fresh Grape Production of Some Countries 1000 ton

8. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Climate of Turkey Annual Average Precipitation of Turkey

9. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Climate of Turkey Long Term Mean Temperature of Turkey

10. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Climate of Turkey Temperature Precipitation Monthly variation of the temperature and the precipitation

11. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Avaliable Field-Working-Days in March and April

12. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Avaliable Field-Working-Days in May and June

13. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Avaliable Field-Working-Days in September, October, November

14. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

15. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Mechanization as an Instrument for Sustainable Viticulture • In technical perspective, realization of necessary processes in best manner and most appropriate frame, • In an economic perspective, minimization of costs without quality losses and overcoming operational bottlenecks related to planning, • In an ecological perspective, solutions to problems like soil compaction, water management, environmental and residue in spraying.

16. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization • Reduction of energy consumption • Reduction of fuel consumption • Reduction of time requirement • Reduction of work hours • Reduction of field traffic • Optimum Fertilizing • Optimum Spraying • Optimum Irrigation • Use of spatial data for precise farming • Increasing the farm scale • Increasing the efficiency in machine use

17. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs

18. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Cultural Operations Cost Share (%) Soil Tillage Pruning+ Green Pruning Transport of Pruning Waste Branch Binding Fertilizing Spraying Irrigation Harvesting Miscellaneous 36,3 10,7 1,9 2,5 6,5 17,6 7,6 10,7 6,2

19. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Soil Tillage The in-row and inter-row soil tillage is the main operation during the winter, repeated up to 8 times a year for rain water storage, weed control and airation. Conventional ploughs, discharrows, rotary tillers and tineharrows, subsoilers are the most used equipments for soil cultivation. Soil tillage is the most costly operation because of improper machinery and multiple passes.

20. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Soil Tillage

21. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Pruning There are some differences between the pruning methods in according to production targets and the quality of grapes depend on also pruning efficiency besides other influential factors. Generally hand devices such as knives, scissors and saws are used. This method is simple but is not economic and ergonomic. In last years there is a tendence for electrical-pneumatic-automatic devices for this purpose. They increase the work capacity app. 40 %.

22. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Pruning Self propelled machines and high-tech pruning methods are only suitable for new wine grape plantations and there are few examples in Turkey. First calculations on pruning expences per area show a decrease about 30-50%, although the purchase price of such system-tractors are rather high.

23. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Removing Pruning Waste The pruning waste is not prefered to be mixed with soil because of bacterial disease danger. Generally this waste is removed with special rakes and trailers.

24. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Fertilization Only in one year fertilizer prices are doubled or even trippled in Turkey. For that reason, distribution of plant nutrients are much more important than ever before.

25. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Fertilization As the performance of surface spreaders are not sufficient and not ideal for homogeneus distribution, undersoil fertilization must be prefered. This machine is much more efficient and saves about 30% fertilizer, although the time requirement is little higher.

26. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Plant Protection Generally in small vineyards, hand and snapneck pulverizators are used, wheras mainly tractor mounted or trailed machines prefered in larger areas. Pesticide application Herbicide application

27. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Plant Protection Under the unsuitable conditions, sprayed chemicals do not reach the target surface but pollute air and soil along with economic and ecologic problems. Spraying costs can be reduced up to 60 % with assistance of appropriate design, construction, nozzle type, air velocity and operation pressure.

28. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Plant Protection Special purpose side spraying, or system-tractors and their spraying attachments are not in use, except a few new established vineyards for wine production.

29. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Irrigation • The efficiency of irrigation and total costs depend on; • Water source • Irrigation method • Irrigation area

30. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Irrigation Border irrigation needs much more water, manpower, time and as a result higher cost. Although higher capital demand at the beginning, the water and energy costs of drip irrigation are approximately 20-40% lower. Moreover this system can be used for fertilization.

31. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Inventive Solutions !!!!

32. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Harvesting All vineyards in the region are harvested manually. Such rear boxes reduce in-farm transport costs up to 40%, compared to hand-baskets. The vineyards are mostly optimal preperad for harvest operations, but sometimes such unusual bed examples can be seen.

33. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Harvesting For raisin production, the next steps are dipping and drying in open air before industrial manipulations. Also these steps are done manually.

34. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey Harvesting The high-tech in harvesting with various methods have just been introduced to Turkey. Althougt the existed vineyards are not suitable for such solutions, new wine grape farms are interested with these, while the real “Kilogram” or “Hectare” costs are calculated 20-40% lower and can be harvested just in time.

35. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey CONCULUSION • Estimated costs and investment analysis related to the production of grapes highly depend on different single cases. The main bottle-necks in Turkey for higher productivity and lower unit costs are; • Farm sizes are too small, • Farm areas have fragmented structure, • Vine shapes are varying and they have different systems, • In-row and inter-row spaces are variying too much, • Financal instruments for the small-scale farms are limited, • which make mechanization really difficult if not impossible. But it must be seen all these discussions are not only for todays questions, but especially for new vineyards of tomorrow, so that we will not have the same problems in the future.

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