Processes of Life

1. Processes of Life

2. Hierarchy of Life • Students will identify and/or describe patterns in the hierarchical organization of organisms, from atoms - Carbon • to molecules- CH2O • to cells • to tissues • to organs • to organ systems • to organisms

4. Vocabulary You Should Know: • types of tissues in animals • Epithelial- skin - • Muscle - heart • Nervous – spinal cord • Connective- provides support to organs

5. Types of Tissue

6. Cell Theory • All organisms are made of one or more cells. • All living things come from pre-existing cells by division • The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things • Organism depends on total activity of independent cells functioning • Energy flow happens in the cells • Cells contain hereditary information that is passed on to new cells • Cells have the same chemical composition within a species

7. EXAMPLES • Prokaryotes – no nucleus and simple ring DNA • These are bacteria & archebacteria • First life forms • Eukaryotes – Cells have nucleus • All other kingdoms - • animals – plants - fungi - protists

8. Homeostasis (Same State) • Living things can regulate internal environment in a stable condition. • 1- Extract energy from food • Photosynthesis • Cellular respiration • 2. Getting rid of waste • 3. Reproducing

9. Cell wall- support - in plant cells only • Chloroplasts – used in photosynthesis • cell membrane- protection in & out of cell • Nucleus- control center – stores hereditary material • Cytoplasm- fluid that supports organelles • Mitochondria- Mitochondria provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract - in short, they are the power centers of the cell. • Vacuoles- Storage -Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell - containing waste products • Ribosomes- make proteins

10. Autotroph or Heterotroph

11. Systems of the Human Body The general functions of the major systems of the human body • Digestive- mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver • Respiratory- Nose, Mouth,Pharynx (throat),Larynx (voice box), Trachea (windpipe), Bronchi, Lungs • Circulatory- Heart, blood vessels and blood. • Reproductive- Female : ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands.  Male : testes, seminal vesicles and penis. • Excretory- get rid of waste - intestines, kidneys, bladder, • Immune – spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes • Nervous- Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. • Musculoskeletal-Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the body.

12. Agents of Disease • Viruses- Rhino virus , Influenza • Bacteria – E Coli, Salmonella, Tuberculosis • (there are good as well as bad) • Fungus – Athlete’s foot • Parasites - Tapeworm

13. Linnean Classification • DOMAINS • Kingdom-Phyllum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species • Archeabacteria • Bacteria • Protists • Fungi • Plants • Animals example canis familiaris (dog) • canis lupis (wolf)

15. Evolution – Natural Selection

16. Evolution- Fossil Evidence • Fossil record • shows change over time • Anatomical record • comparing body structures • homology & vestigial structures • embryology & development • Molecular record • comparing protein & DNA sequences • Artificial selection • human caused evolution

17. Extinction A certain reptile species is a herbivore and exists only on an isolated island. Which of the following would most likely result in the extinction of the reptile species over a period of twenty thousand years? • The reptile species produces many offspring with many unique traits, and the vegetation remains constant. • The reptile species produces few offspring with some unique traits, and the vegetation remains constant. • The reptile species produces few offspring with no unique traits, and the vegetation changes quickly. • The reptile species produces many offspring with some unique traits, and the vegetation changes slowly.

18. Hereditary Information • Students will describe and/or explain that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits. • Students will identify and/or explain that hereditary information (DNA) contains genes located in the chromosomes of each cell and/or that heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another. There are two alleles for every gene. • Students will use Punnett squares and pedigrees to determine genotypic and phenotypic probabilities. • Students will compare and/or contrast general processes of sexual and asexual reproduction that result in the passage of hereditary information from one generation to another.

20. Genotype v. Phenotype • Genotype - This is the "internally coded, inheritable information" carried by all living organisms. • Phenotype – This is the "outward, physical manifestation" of the organism. • You can’t see a genotype but you can see blue eyes, blonde hair, height…

21. Punnett Squares & Pedigrees

22. Meiosis & Mitosis ASEXUAL Reproduction AND New replacement cells SEXUAL

23. INTERDEPENDENCE • Students will compare and/or contrast relationships between organisms, such as mutualism, predation, parasitism, competition, and commensalism. • Students will describe and/or explain the roles of and relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a food web. • Students will identify and/or describe various limiting factors in an ecosystem and their impact on native populations. • Describe and investigate various limiting factors in the local ecosystem and their impact on native populations, including food, shelter, water, space, disease, parasitism, predation, and nesting sites.

24. Commensualism - relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit).There are two other types of association  mutualism  (where both organisms benefit) and parasitism (one organism benefits and the other one is harmed). • Mutualism-symbiotic interaction between different species that is mutually beneficial – Clownfish & Sea Anemone • (Symbiosis: both organisms live together in closely proximity) • Predation-predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked) • Parasitism-non mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. • Competition-  compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other biological resources

25. Limiting Factors • food, • shelter, • water, • space, • disease, • nesting sites • nutrients • parasitism, predation

26. Law of Conservation of Mass & Energy • Photosynthesis- • 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) ----)   C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Cellular Respiration • C6H12O6 + 6 O2  → 6 CO2  + 6 H2O 

27. Carbon Cycle

28. Carbon Cycle • Major reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange: • The atmosphere • The terrestrial biosphere, which is usually defined to include fresh water systems and non-living organic material, such as soil carbon. • The oceans, including dissolved inorganic carbonand marine organisms • The sedimentsincludingfossil fuels. • The Earth's interior, carbon from the Earth'smantleand crustis released to the atmosphere and hydrosphere by volcanoes and geothermal systems. • The annual movements of carbon, the carbon exchanges between reservoirs, occur because of various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes.