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Processes of Life

Processes of Life. Levels of Organization. The human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex. . . Cells – the basic unit of life Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function

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Processes of Life

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  1. Processes of Life

  2. Levels of Organization The human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex. . . Cells – the basic unit of life Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function Organs – a group of tissues that perform one specific function Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific function in the human body

  3. The Circulatory System Purpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration Major Organs: Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system that pumps blood through its four chambers. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then pumped out to the rest of the body Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major organs of the body Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of the body Capillaries – small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins (so tiny that blood moves through them in single file)

  4. Blood The cells that flow through the circulatory system • Red Blood Cells -contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body • White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - function with your immune system to help fight infection • Platelets – the body’s safety net - helps your blood clot and stops bleeding wounds • Plasma - clear , yellow substance that is made almost completely of water and contains many different chemicals

  5. The Respiratory System Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide Major Organs: Nose – internal entry and exit point for air Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat Larynx – your “voice box” Diaphragm- the muscle that causes you to breath Lungs – the major organ of the respiratory system. Alveoli- Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs. In the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood, getting rid of the carbon dioxide and giving the oxygen to the red blood cells to be delivered to all of the muscles and organs.

  6. The Digestive System Purpose: to break down food into chemical nutrients that body cells need for energy, growth, and repair. Major Organs: Mouth – to chew and grind up food -- saliva also begins the chemical breakdown Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach Stomach – breaks down food Small Intestine– after digestion is complete, the broken down food molecules enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream Large Intestine– removes water from the food particles and gets the waste ready for excretion

  7. Liver – is reddish brown in color and is divided into four lobes of unequal size and shape. The liver lies on the right side of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm. The liver has many functions. Some of the functions are: to produce substances that break down fats, convert glucose to glycogen, produce urea (the main substance of urine), make certain amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), filter harmful substances from the blood (such as alcohol), storage of vitamins and minerals (vitamins A, D, K and B12) and maintain a proper level or glucose in the blood. The liver is also responsible for producing cholesterol. It produces about 80% of the cholesterol in your body. Pancreas– Completes the job of breaking down protein, carbohydrates, and fats using digestive juices of pancreas combined with juices from the intestines. -Secretes hormones that affect the level of sugar in the blood.

  8. The Skeletal System Purpose: to provide structure and support to the human body Major Organs: bones- are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength. cartilage- spongy connective tissue that cushions the ends of many bones *The skeletal system includes bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. *We have 206 bones in our body.

  9. The Muscular System • Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body • Major organs of the Muscular System • muscles- support and move your body. • Voluntary- you can control • Involuntary- you can’t control, work automatically (ex: Heart) • tendons- flexible bands of fibrous tissue that attach muscle to bone • ligaments- similar to tendons, but connect bone to bone and help stabilize joints Brain Pop Video

  10. The Nervous System Purpose: enables you to sense your environment and react to it (use of all five senses). Major Organs: brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through spinal cord– sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body synapse- connection between nerve cells

  11. Let’s Review • Which systems work together to provide the body’s cells with oxygen? • A. circulatory and digestive • B. respiratory and digestive • C. respiratory and circulatory • D. respiratory and nervous C.

  12. Let’s Review • Which of the following shows the correct order from simplest to most complex level of organization? • A. cell, tissue, organ, organ system • B. organ system, tissue, cell, organ • C. organ, tissue, organ system, cell • D. organ, organ system, cell, tissue A.

  13. Let’s Review • There are many systems in the human body. Which system is responsible for breaking down food into chemical nutrients that body cells need for energy, growth, and repair. • A. nervous system • B. digestive system • C. muscular system • D. respiratory system B.

  14. A. Let’s Review • The systems of the body perform functions that keep a person alive. What is the main function of the circulatory system? • A. to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ systems in your body • B. to remove food waste products from the body • C. to process information from inside and outside the body • D. to provide a framework for the body and protect its soft tissues

  15. Let’s Review • The lungs, nose, throat, and diaphragm make up which system of the body? • A. digestive system • B. muscular system • C. nervous system • D. respiratory system D.

  16. Inherited & Learned Traits

  17. Inherited Traits • INHERITED TRAITS are those traits that are passed down from parents to their offspring. They are also called instincts. • EX. In humans- eye color, hair color, skin color, freckles, dimples, etc. are all examples of inherited traits

  18. What are some inherited traits? • Inherited traits are things that are passed on that are specific traits. • A tiger has stripes. • A giraffe has a long neck. • An elephant has a trunk. • A snake has no legs.

  19. What are some inherited traits? • This family has an inherited trait. Can you tell what it is? They have brown hair.

  20. What are some inherited traits? • Some people have a genetic trait that creates indentations on their cheeks called dimples.

  21. What are some inherited traits? • Look at the elephants. What traits do they have in common?

  22. Learned Traits • LEARNED TRAITS- are those traits that are acquired through experience (we are not born knowing how to do them). • EX. Cheetahs hunt, kill and eat other animals. However, they must be taught at a young age HOW to survive and how to hunt. • EX. In humans- we learned how to walk, bathe, and how to brush our teeth

  23. Let’s Review • Which is not an inherited behavior? • A. dimples • B. reading • C. freckles • D. brown eyes B.

  24. Let’s Review • What are inherited behaviors called? • A. old behaviors • B. recessive traits • C. environments • D. instincts D.

  25. Let’s Review • How is hunting both learned and instinctive in animals? • A. Animals learn to hunt. • B. Animals have the instinct to hunt. • C. Animals have the instinct to hunt but must learn hunting skills. • D. Animals have the instinct to teach their young how to hunt. C.

  26. Let’s Review • Which is an example of a learned behavior? • A. a snow hare turning white in the winter • B. a deer standing still in headlight beams • C. a coyote eating new kinds of prey • D. a person rolling his/her tongue C.

  27. Plants

  28. Parts of a Plant • The seeds • The flowers • The roots • The stems • The leaves

  29. Seeds • Grow new plants • Formed inside the ovary • Surrounded by a hard seed coat

  30. Flowers • Produce seeds • Contain perfume and nectar to attract pollinators

  31. Roots • Anchor plants to soil • Absorb water and nutrients from soil • Stores food

  32. Stems • Supports a plant and enables its leaves to reach sunlight. • Carry nutrients and water • Responsible for plant growth

  33. Leaves • In charge of photosynthesis- making food for the plant • Vital in respiration and transpiration

  34. Let’s Review • Which of the following is the substance that enables a leaf to use sunlight to produce food? • A. chlorophyll • B. photosynthesis • C. respiration • D. transpiration A.

  35. Where are seeds formed? • A. In the flower • B. Inside the ovary • C. Outside the seed coat A.

  36. Leaves are in charge of photosynthesis. • True • False True

  37. What do roots store? • A. Leaves • B. Soil and water • C. Food B.

  38. Cell Structures in Plants & Animals

  39. Cells • A CELL is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. • Most cells are microscopic, which mean they can only be seen with a microscope. Flower Cell Onion Cell Red Blood Cell

  40. Plant Cells

  41. Plant Cells • Plant cells have structures not found in animal cells. A thick cell wall helps support a plant cell. Plant cells also include CHLOROPLASTS, which make food for plant cells.

  42. Animal Cells Like plant cells, animal cells have different sizes, shapes, and functions. They also have most of the same cell structures.

  43. Cell Structures

  44. Let’s Review • What is the function of a cell’s nucleus? • A. to make food • B. to direct the cell’s activities • C. to protect the cell • D. to keep the cell healthy B.

  45. Let’s Review • What is the purpose of a cell membrane? • A. to keep the cell dry • B. to keep the cell warm • C. to hold the contents of the cell together • D. to provide a sticky surface for the cell C.

  46. Let’s Review • How are plant cells different from animal cells? • A. Plant cells have membranes and a nucleus, but animal cells do not. • B. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. • C. Plant cells have cell walls and structures, but animal cells do not. • D. Plant cells have no nucleus or structures, but animals cells do. B.

  47. Standards Covered • SC.F.1.2.1- The student knows that the human body is made of systems with structures and functions that are related. • SC.F.1.2.2- The student knows how all animals depend on plants. • SC.F.1.2.3- The student knows that living things are different but share similar structures. • SC.F.1.2.4- The student knows that similar cells form different kinds of structures. • SC.F.2.2.1- The student knows that many characteristics of an organism are inherited from the parents of the organism, but that other characteristics are learned from an individual’s interactions with the environment.

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