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The Struggle “…to establish a Meaningful Program of Assessment…”

The Struggle “…to establish a Meaningful Program of Assessment…”. Psychological Testing "There is nothing about an individual as important as his IQ…“ - Lewis M. Terman, 1922. Individual Testing. An early beginning….Pierre Broca (1824-1880). Brain—a good index of intelligence Data

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The Struggle “…to establish a Meaningful Program of Assessment…”

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  1. The Struggle “…to establish a Meaningful Program of Assessment…” Psychological Testing "There is nothing about an individual as important as his IQ…“ - Lewis M. Terman, 1922.

  2. Individual Testing An early beginning….Pierre Broca (1824-1880) • Brain—a good index of intelligence • Data • Autopsies • Prehistoric skulls • Problems with conclusions • Effects of aging • Effects of body size • Effects of sampling procedure

  3. JAMES CATTELL • Efforts: increase measures on mental Tests • Hallmark: sensorimotor • Results

  4. "It seems to us that in intelligence there is a fundamental faculty, the alteration or the lack of which, is of the utmost importance for practical life. This faculty is judgment, otherwise called good sense, practical sense, initiative, the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances. A person may be a moron or an imbecile if he is lacking in judgment; but with good judgment he can never be either. Indeed the rest of the intellectual faculties seem of little importance in comparison with judgment" (Binet & Simon, 1916, 1973, pp.42-43).

  5. Alfred Binet (1857-1911) • Education • Positions and appointments • Researcher, neurological clinic, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (1883-1889); Researcher and Associate Director, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Sorbonne University (1891-1894); Director, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Sorbonne University (1894-1911) • Member, Commission on the Education of Retarded Children, appointed by the French Ministry of Public Instruction (1904) • Hallmark of testing • developed norms—1904; revised (with Simon) 1908, 1911

  6. Binet’s Tests • Association • Sentence completion • Themes • Picture descriptions • Object drawing • Digit repetition • Attention and memory • Moral judgement

  7. Henry Goddard (1866-1957) • Education • Ph.D. in Psychology, Clark University (1899) • Career • Director of Research, Training School for Feeble-minded Girls and Boys, Vineland, NJ (1906-1918) • Ellis Island (1910, 1912) • Army Alpha and Beta Testing Team (1917-1919) • Ohio State Bureau of Juvenile Research (1918-1938) • Professor of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, Ohio State University (1922-1938) • Major Contributions • Translated Binet-Simon intelligence scale to English • Distribution of the translated Binet scale • 1st laboratory for the psychological study of mentally retarded persons (1910) • 1st American law mandating special education (1911)

  8. The Kallikak FamilyA study in the heredity of feeblemindedness (1912) • Widely cited • Methodological flaws

  9. Lewis M. Terman • Education • Clark University (PH.D. in Psychology, 1905--Hall) • Professor, Stanford University (1910-1956) • Major contributions • Mental Testing  • Refinement of Binet-Simon Tests - The Stanford Achievement Test  • Studies of Gifted Children - Terman's Termites (e.g., JessOppenheimer)

  10. Florence Goodenough (1886-1859) Education • Columbia University (B.S. & M.A.) - Under Leta Hollingworth • Stanford University (Ph.D.) - Under Lewis Terman Major Contributions • Goodenough Draw-A-Man and Minnesota Preschool Scale tests + other alternative tests of intelligence; Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test • Published 9 textbooks, 26 research studies, numerous articles, and wrote Handbook of Child Psychology • Key researcher in Terman’s longitudinal study on giftedness

  11. Anne Anastasi (1908-2001 ) • Education • Ph.D., Columbia University, 1930 (Student of Hollingworth) • Career • Barnard College (1930-1939); Queens College (1939-1947); Fordham University (1947-1951) • Third female president of the American Psychological Association (1972) • Major Contributions • The "test guru"  • Focus on test construction, test misuse, misinterpretation, cultural bias • View of intelligence • Publications + two "classic" textbooks: Psychological Testing (1st edition 1954; 7th edition, 1996) and Differential Psychology (1st edition 1937; 4th edition, 1981)

  12. Group Testing • Zeitgeist: WWI; military • Yerkes: Army Alpha and Army Beta • Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet • Increasing the credibility of tests • Validity • Reliability • Racial bias

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