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Warm-Up

Warm-Up. List all of the evidence in the room to determine if the crime was a murder or a suicide. EVIDENCE. Two Types of Evidence. Testimonial Evidence What is said in court by a competent witness Also called direct evidence. Physical Evidence

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Warm-Up

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  1. Warm-Up List all of the evidence in the room to determine if the crime was a murder or a suicide

  2. EVIDENCE

  3. Two Types of Evidence • Testimonial Evidence • What is said in court by a competent witness • Also called direct evidence • Physical Evidence • Tangible items that tend to prove some material fact • real evidence

  4. Why Physical Evidence? As a result of the influences on eyewitness memory, physical evidence becomes critical. Is generally more reliable than testimonial evidence Can prove that a crime has been committed Can corroborate or refute testimony Can link a suspect with a victim or with a crime scene Can establish the identity of persons associated with a crime Can allow reconstruction of events of a crime • Physical evidence can be used to answer questions about: What took place at a crime scene The number of people involved The sequence of events

  5. Locard’s Exchange Principle "Every Contact Leaves a Trace" The Locard’s Exchange Principle states that "with contact between two items, there will be an exchange." For example, burglars will leave traces of their presence behind and will also take traces with them. They may leave hairs from their body or fibers from their clothing behind and they may take carpet fibers away with them. Source: http://www.virtualsciencefair.org/2004/fren4j0/public_html/trace_evidence.htm

  6. Examples of Physical Evidence

  7. Types of Physical Evidence • Trace Evidence • Transient evidence • Individual evidence • Class evidence

  8. Trace Evidence • Trace evidence refers to physical evidence that is found in small but measurable amounts, such as strands of hair, fibers, or skin cells.

  9. Transient Evidence Transient evidence is temporary - easily changed or lost; usually observed by the first officer at the scene. Odor — putrefaction, perfume, gasoline, urine, burning, explosives, cigarette or cigar smoke Temperature — surroundings, car hood, coffee, water in a bathtub, cadaver Imprints and indentations — footprints, teeth marks in perishable foods, tire marks on certain surfaces

  10. Class Evidence • Has characteristics of a group of items • Examples: • Hair • Fibers • T-shirts • Duct tape • Blood Types

  11. Individual Evidence • Nailed to a single source • Examples: • DNA • Fingerprints • Broken glass that matches perfectly

  12. Class or Individual? Class UNLESS the tear marks can be matched exactly

  13. Class or Individual? Class UNLESS the serial number can be matched to a suspect

  14. Class or Individual? Individual IF the pieces can be matched exactly

  15. Class or Individual? Class

  16. Class or Individual? Individual IF the DNA or fingerprints can be matched to a suspect

  17. Class or Individual? Class UNLESS there’s an imperfection in the tire

  18. Class or Individual? Yes they can; Individual due to striations

  19. Class or Individual? Class and No

  20. Class or Individual? Class

  21. Class or Individual? Class UNLESS you can get DNA

  22. Class or Individual? Class UNLESS the tear marks can be matched exactly

  23. Class or Individual? Individual IF you can match the soil

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