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Chapter 14 Part 4

Chapter 14 Part 4. The Impact of the Reformation on Women and the Counter Reformation. Protestant Women. Luther: a woman’s place is in the home…that’s why God gave her a wide fundament to sit upon!

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Chapter 14 Part 4

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  1. Chapter 14Part 4 The Impact of the Reformation on Women and the Counter Reformation

  2. Protestant Women • Luther: a woman’s place is in the home…that’s why God gave her a wide fundament to sit upon! • Luther DID promote the idea that all of us had a special calling to our occupations…so all women had a calling to be home makers • Calvin believed in the subjugation of women to preserve moral order

  3. Marriage • Protestant churches had greater official control over marriage than the Catholic church did • Protestant suppressed common law marriages • Catholic governments followed the Protestant example

  4. Marriage • Marriage became more companionate…emphasis on love • Luther and his wife, Katerina von Bora, served as a good example of a companionate marriage • Luther: sex to be enjoyed • Catholic Church: sex only for procreation

  5. Increased women’s literacy • The emphasis on all being able to read the Bible worked in favor of increased women’s education • Religion was the most appropriate subject for women to study • Women were expected to teach their children so • Schools for girls appeared

  6. Philip Melanchthon • …Confessions of Augsburg guy • Played a huge role in establishing schools for girls in the Protestant German states • BUT Protestant women did not have the opportunity the Catholic women had in terms of serving the Church

  7. Status of Women • Continued to diminish • Women gradually lost rights to manage their own property or to make legal transactions in their own name

  8. Catholic Women • Continued opportunities to serve the Church through religious orders • Angela Merici : founded the Ursuline order of nuns in the 1530’s to provide education and religious training for girls • Wanted to combat heresy through Christian education • Order was approved by Pope Paul III in 1544 • Much activity in France and the New World

  9. Catholic Women • Teresa de Avila (Spanish) Leader in the reform movement for monasteries and convents • Believed that an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation • Had visions of saints

  10. The Catholic Reformationand Counter Reformation • Two movements at first but merged by 1560 • Catholic Reformation began with Pope Julius II in 1517 with the Laterine Council: To clarify Catholic doctrine. • Produced the doctrine of Transubstantiation (Hus) and continued with Adrian VI (unusual Dutch Pope) • Counter Reformation: a reaction to Protestantism: how to bring ‘em back to the Catholic Church

  11. Pope Paul III • Was the most important Pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism • Was not interested in new doctrines but in improving existing doctrines to improve Church discipline • Goal was twofold: to respond to critics within the Church regarding Church abuses AND to respond to the gains of Protestantism

  12. The Council of Trent 1545-1563 • Three sessions • Established Catholic dogma for the next 4 centuries

  13. Outcomes of the Council of Trent • Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers • Salvation by good works and faith • All 7 sacraments valid • Transubstantiation was reaffirmed • Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory were reaffirmed

  14. Outcomes of Trent • Approved the Index of Forbidden Books Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church (like those of Erasmus) were banned from Catholic countries Severe punishments for anyone possessing a book on the list

  15. More outcomes… • Church reforms: abuses in the sale of indulgences, sale of Church offices curtailed • Bishops given more control over clergy: were callings genuine? • Seminaries established to train priests • Valid marriages were public marriages • Established the Papal Inquisition (in the Papal States, parts of Italy. 6 Cardinals given full powers

  16. New Religious Orders • 1540 The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) • Founder: Ignatious Loyola • Organized order in military fashion • Spiritual Exercises used to train Jesuits • 3 Goals: • Reform the Church through education • Preach Gospel to pagan peoples • Fight Protestantism

  17. The Jesuits • Beginning in 1542 oversaw the Italian and the Spanish Inquisition • In Spain: persecution of Moriscos and Christian Jews who were suspected of “Backsliding” • In Italy: Pope Paul IV issued a Papal Bull accusing the Jews of killing Christ and ordering that Jews be placed in Ghettos in Papal states • The persecution of Jews increased all over Europe

  18. Eastern Europe • Remained Catholic as well as Southern German States, Spain, Portugal, 10 of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands (now Belgium), Italy • Jesuit schools among the finest in Europe

  19. Results of the Reformation • Western European Christian Unity was shattered • BUT religious enthusiasm was rekindled • Church abuses were finally curtailed • Religious wars to follow • The rise of Baroque Art (began as part of the Catholic Reformation

  20. Baroque Art • Began as part of the Catholic Reformation • To teach and demonstrate in an (emotional way) the awesome glory and power of the Catholic Church • Was encouraged by the Papacy, the Jesuits • Was big in France, Flanders, Austria, S. Germany and Poland • Later spread to Protestant countries and regions

  21. Baroque Art • Tried to overwhelm the viewer • Emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme • Was literally HUGE • Will later be used by monarchs to emphasize THEIR power and glory (Louis XIV & Versailles)

  22. Architecture and Sculpture Bernini (1598-1650) baroque architect and sculptor Emotion AND motion • Many fountains throughout Rome • The Colonnade in front of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome (his greatest architectural achievement) • The Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s • The Ecstasy of St. Teresa his altarpiece evokes tremendous emotion

  23. The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

  24. Bernini’s David

  25. The Colonnade (Bernini)

  26. Baroque painting • Broad areas of light and shadow • Color: more true to nature • Concerned with overall dynamic effect: not so concerned with clarity of detail • Designed to give the viewer a spontaneous personal experience

  27. Carvaggio (Roman) 1571-1610 • First important Baroque painter • Highly emotional scenes • Sharp contrasts of light and dark for dramatic effect • Sometimes used ordinary people for models for Biblical scenes (and was criticized for it)

  28. Adoration of the Shepherds

  29. Peter Paul Reubens (Flemish) 1577-1640 • Worked for the Hapsburg court in Brussels (the capital of the Spanish Netherlands) • Emphasized color and sensuality • Animated figures, melodramatic, huge • About one half of his work dealt with Christian subjects • Was known for his sensual nudes, Saints, Angels, Roman Goddesses, Water Nymphs

  30. Rubens: The Issue of Souls in Purgatory

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