1 / 25

Gerunds- verbal nouns

Gerunds- verbal nouns. Consider this sentence. Discere est utilis - to learn is fun or learning is fun The infinitive is functioning as a subject To put discere in any other case than the nominative a gerund is used . Formation.

etenia
Download Presentation

Gerunds- verbal nouns

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Gerunds- verbal nouns

  2. Consider this sentence • Discereestutilis- to learn is fun or learning is fun • The infinitive is functioning as a subject • To put discere in any other case than the nominative a gerund is used

  3. Formation • Add the ending – ndi to the stem of 1st, 2nd and 3rd conjugation and • Add the ending –endi to the stem of 4thconjugation and 3rd -io

  4. Then decline it like a neuter noun 2nd declension

  5. Irregular Gerunds • Eo, ire- eundi- of going • Fero, ferre- ferendi- of carrying/bearing

  6. Summary of Gerunds • Form by adding-ndito stem of 1/2/3 and –endi to stem of 4/ 3io • Conjugate it like a 2nd conjugation neuter • The nominative of the gerund is the infinitive- to verb/ verbing

  7. Exercise 1 page 340 • Animadverto, ere – to notice animadvertendi- of noticing • Appropinquo, are- to approach Appropinquandi- of approaching • Cerno, ere- to see, distinguish Cernendi- of seeing • Clamo, are- to shout Clamandi- of shouting • Fingo, fingere- to imagine, form in mind Fingendi- of imagining • Impingo, ere- to strike, push Impingendi- of pushing

  8. 7. infligo, infligere- to strike, inflict infligendi- of striking 8. percutio, percutere-to strike through percutiendi- of striking through 9. repello, repellere- to thrust back, push back repellendi- of pushing back 10. rideo, ridere- to laugh, smile ridendi- of laughing, smiling 11. veho, vehere- to drive, carry vehendi- of driving, carrying

  9. Uses of the gerund • Genitive- the gerund is used with nouns or adjetives that take the genitive • Studiosus- eager for • Eramdiscendistudiosus- I was found of learning • Allen & Greenough's NEW LATIN GRAMMAR 504. • The Genitive of the Gerund and Gerundive is used after nouns or adjectives, either as subjective or objective genitive:--

  10. Dative • Used to indicate the purpose of the action • Quaero locum aedificando • I am looking for a place for building • ie: I am looking for a place to build

  11. Accusative • Usually accompanied by the preposition “ad” indicates the purpose of the action • Paratus sum ad pugnandum- • I am ready for fighting

  12. Ablative • Used for means or instrument • Discimuslegendo • We learn by reading

  13. Exercise 3- Translate into English • Consiliumcepiappropinquandi ad oppidum I made a plan of approaching i.e. to approach • Postquamdiucurcumivi, tandem inveni locum descendendo After I went around for a long time, I finally found a place for descending. • Multi amici venerant ad spectandum. Many friend had come to watch. • Apectandointellexi me esse in caelo cum sideribus By watching I understood that I was in the sky with the stars.

  14. Exercise 5 • Multi sundstudiosicaelispectandi Many people are fond of watching the sky. Nicolauseratstudiosusspeluncaeinvestigandae nicolas was fond of searching into the cave Sederibuscernendisilleintellexit se esse in caelo. by seeing constellations he understood that he was in the sky.

  15. Gerundive- a verbal adjective • Formed identical to the gerund • Is a 1st and 2nd declension adjective • Example- parandus, a, um • The basic meaning of the gerundive is PASSIVE • Puellalaudanda- a girl to be praised • Liber legendus- a book to be read • Puellaamanda- a girl_________________

  16. If the gerund has a direct object it becomes a gerundive • Eramstudiosusvidendi- • I was eager of seeing ie. I was eager to see. • Eramstudiosusvidendaespeluncae- • I was eager to see the cave- “for the cave to be seen” • Videndae= gerundive modifying speluncae feminine genitive singular

  17. Exercise 5 • Gerund: Multi suntstudiosispectandi- many are eager of seeing. i.e. many are eager to see Gerundive: Multi suntstudiosispectandicaeli.

  18. Passive Periphrastic • Gerundive + verb to be • Denotes necessecity- “ought,” “must,” “had to,” etc…. • Examples • Puellaestamanda- the girl must be loved • Carthagodelendaest- carthage must be destroyed • Res factae a nobislaudandaesunt- Our actions (things done by us) must be praised

  19. More examples • Hoc faciendum est • this must be done • Liber cum curalegendusest • the book must be read with care • Puerisuntpuniendi- • the boys must be punished

  20. Dative of Agend • Remember, in a passive sentence, to express the doer, previously the __________case was used • Proeliasuntpugnataa hoc duce. • Battles must be fought by this leader • Ablative of Agent • With passive periphrastics, the agent is expressed in the dative • Proeliapugnandasuntduci. • It is like litterally saying: For the leader are battle to be fought.

  21. Examples of Dative of Agent with Passive Periphrastics • Hoc tibi faciendum est • this must be done by you • Liber cum curamihilegendusest • the book must be read by me with care • Puerimagistrissuntpuniendi- • the boys must be punished by the teachers

  22. Less awkward translations are “ok” if done correctly…but I would encourage you with passive periphrastics to stick with the literal translation • Hoc tibi faciendum est • this must be done by you • You must do this. • Liber cum curamihilegendusest • the book must be read by me with care. • I must read the book with care. • Puerimagistrissuntpuniendi- • the boys must be punished by the teachers. • The teachers must punish the boys.

  23. Note- the passive periphrastic can appear with other tenses of the verb “to be” • Past- Librilegendierant • Books had to be read • Future- Librilegendierunt • books will have to be read In my experience these are not as common…

  24. Sometimes the Pperiphrastic is used impersonally- no person is specified. • In this case the gerundive is neuter • Legendumest- • There must be reading • People must read • One must read

  25. Exercise 6, page 347 Change the following sentences so that the duty expressed by debeo becomes obligation expressed by the passive periphrastic. Translate the sentences. • Amici funembeneteneredebebant. The friends ought to hold the rope well. The rope must be held well by the friends Amicisfuniserattenendus. • Funisrumpi non debebat. The rope ought not to be broken The rope must not be broken Funis non eratrumpendus. • Nicolausmonstrumrepelleredebebat Nicolaus ought to repell the monster. The monster ought to be repelled by Nicolaus MonstrumNicolaoeratrepellendum. • Deinde is illumplanetamfingeredebuit. Then he had to imagine that planet. Then that planet had to be imagined by him Illeplanetaeifinctusfuit. • SKIP • Nicolaus non debebat in arboremascendere. Nicolaus ought not to descend into the tree It must not be ascended by Nicolaus into the tree Nicolao non eratascendum in arborem. • Arbores de Nicolaoiudicaredebebant The trees ought to judge about Nicolaus. It must be judged about Nicolaus by the trees. Arboribuserat de Nicolaoiudicandum

More Related