How is this an industrial innovation? Explain why

1. How is this an industrial innovation? • Explain why

2. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girlEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!I'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest! • Write down the words she uses to describe working in a factory. • What rights did she have in the workplace? • How is working in a factory different today? Why?

3. Write out your answers, please. • One reason the American Industrial Revolution first appeared in New England was __. • The soil in the Southern states was not good enough to support industry. • The rivers and streams provided waterpower to run the machines. • Settlers in the area were more advanced than those in other parts of the country. • The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain, can best be described as __. • A change in the way goods were made • The belief that the U.S. should expand to the Pacific Ocean • Improvements in the methods of transportation

4. What is happening in the picture to the left? • How does it represent a change from what might have been happening 100 years before?

5. Pre-Industrial Revolution • Cottage Industry • people worked in their homes or workshops creating items such as cloth, furniture, farm equipment. Items not kept were sold to neighbors and store owners for money.

6. Industrial Revolution • Goal during discussion: • Where did the Industrial Age first start? In America? • How did New England’s location give it an advantage in building factories? • What roles did Eli Whitney and Samuel Slater play in America’s industrial age? • What innovations changed transportation, communication, and agriculture?

7. Why is the early period of the 1800’s known as the Industrial Revolution? What was changing around the world? Explain in detail. Which term best describes the major elements of the American economy in which profit, private property, and economic freedom are emphasized? Limited government Economic independence Free enterprise Which invention led to the increased need for slave labor? Spinning Jenny Interchangeable parts Cotton gin 4.Why did settlers in the 18th and 19th centuries often build settlements along rivers? Rivers were a source of transportation for people as well as goods. Rivers provided people with the only means of travel. Rivers were less dangerous than other methods of travel.

8. What is a revolution? • Think about it: • During the American Revolution, America declared independence from Great Britain and became its own nation. • During the French Revolution, the King and the entire court lost their heads literally. The people wanted a say in the government. • Why is the Industrial Age called a revolution? • A sudden or momentous change in how items were made and how people lived.

9. Early 19th Century Industrial Revolution Improvements in industry, transportation, communication, and agriculture Diana Brister Collins Middle School Corsicana, TX

10. Why did the American Industrial revolution start in New England? • Had many rivers and streams powerful enough to run the machinery. • It had numerous ports to import and export goods. (New York, Boston…) • People couldn’t make money farming so they were willing to work in factories • New England was closer to resources such as coal and iron.

11. What allowed the economy in America to grow as much as it did? • Free Enterprise- freedom of a privately owned business to compete for profit with very little government involvement. • Capitalism- economic system based on private property and free enterprise • Capital- money used to invest in a company

12. New Technology Cotton Gin Spinning Jenny Were inventions that basically made work easier and faster to finish. This led to increased production which then led to cheaper prices.

13. Factories and Industries

14. Factory System • Brought all the steps of manufacturing goods into one location in order to increase efficiency. What’s the downside to the factory system? The families who earned money at home by making products, now lose a source of income.

15. The Factory System This is an example of a young woman monitoring a machine weaving cloth. Samuel Slater’s mill used machines to make thread. How did Slater get his ideas for the machines used? Which factory owner mainly employed young women?

16. Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”) Memorized the design from a British factory and brought the idea to the U.S. Francis Cabot Lowell did the something similar. He visited the mills in England and memorized the basic idea of the machines. He used women in his factories. “Lowell Girls”

17. The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Textile Power Loom Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

18. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

19. Interchangeable Parts! • Eli Whitney created interchangeable parts- parts of machines that were nearly identical that the machine parts could be replaced from one to another. • His idea made repairs on machines faster and easier. Now …. an unskilled man can turn out a product that would be just as good as one made by a highly skilled worker.

20. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine Now clothing could be mass produced from fabrics made by machines.

21. Rural Living v. Urban Living • Compare and contrast life in rural communities and urban communities. • What inventions have closed the gap between rural and urban living? Rural Life Urban Life

22. Creation of Cities • Where did the earliest major cities develop? Why? • They started around rivers. For factories and for transportation. • What were conditions like in these cities? • Poor conditions, lack of sewers meant disease could spread easily. Poorly built homes for factory workers. • Was it all dangerous living in the city? • No. There were churches, organizations to join, plays, parks, and even some had art museums to visit.

23. The Transportation Revolution

24. National Road (Cumberland), 1811 Was the first road built by the gov’t. It inspired people to move west. Also, it connected the west back to the east.

25. Erie Canal System • The Erie Canal led to other canals to be built. • It lowered the cost of shipping goods, and river towns became even more prosperous.

26. Principal Canals in 1840

27. Conestoga Wagons People had a way to travel west to start their own farms. Some went as far as Oregon on the Oregon trail. Conestoga Trail, 1820s

28. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat He developed a more powerful steamboat which made two way river travel possible. He began the riverboat era. 1807: The Clermont Steamboat travel provided a cheaper and faster way to travel and ship goods. It also contributed to the rise of large river cities.

29. Clipper Ships Made ocean travel twice as fast because the boat could slice through the waves.

30. American Population Centers in 1820

31. American Population Centers in 1860

32. Population in 1820 Population in 1860 What generalization can you make from these maps and your knowledge of social studies?

33. Steam powered Trains makes travel and transporting goods, faster and cheaper. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

34. The Railroad Revolution,1850s • Opened up the West to mover settlers. Made transporting goods and people faster and cheaper. • Immigrant laborbuilt the No. RRs. • Slave laborbuilt the So. RRs.

35. Communication Age Begins 1840 – Telegraph Samuel F. B. Morse

36. Agriculture Innovations

37. Eli Whitney Invents the Cotton Gin

38. A small gin could be hand-cranked; larger versions could be harnessed to a horse or driven by water power. But in the end, Whitney made virtually nothing from his invention. Others copied his invention and he was left virtually penniless.

39. Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

40. John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

41. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

42. What's Happening in America by the 1850s?

43. Regional Specialization North (East) Industrial WEST The Nation’s “Breadbasket” SOUTH Cotton & Slavery

44. Economy in the South: • Plantation System – very large farms that grew cash crops and used slave labor. They put all their money in the land. • Plantation owners had all the political power and best land • Top of the social ladder

45. In the South • Most Southerners worked their own land. • Some blacks in the South were free, but could not go to school or vote • Slaves were either field hands (most valuable) to those with specialized skills like blacksmithing.

46. Southern Agriculture

47. Slaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi Plantation

48. Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports

49. Southern Society (1850) “Slavocracy”[plantation owners] 6,000,000 The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers] Black Freemen 250,000 Black Slaves3,200,000 Total US Population  23,000,000[9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

50. Which Region remained rural and which area became urban? The Southern and Western Regions The Northern Region and a few major cities in the Midwest (along rivers)