1 / 25

APES

APES. Intro Lecture. World’s Population. Population Size Growth Characteristics (exponential, logistic) Growth Rate Doubling Time – Rule of 70 Population Distribution Developed Countries Developing Nations Resource Distribution Developed Countries Developing Nations Overpopulation

euclid
Download Presentation

APES

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. APES Intro Lecture

  2. World’s Population • Population Size • Growth Characteristics (exponential, logistic) • Growth Rate • Doubling Time – Rule of 70 • Population Distribution • Developed Countries • Developing Nations • Resource Distribution • Developed Countries • Developing Nations • Overpopulation • People • Resource

  3. Population Growth MDC v LDC

  4. Natural Resources • Perpetual • Renewable • Nonrenewable • Fossil fuels • Mineral • Metallic • Non metallic • Strategic minerals

  5. Some Sources Are Renewable and Some Are Not • Natural Resource • Anything we obtain from the environment to meet our needs • Some directly available for use: sunlight • Some not directly available for use: petroleum • Perpetual resource • Solar energy

  6. Some Sources Are Renewable and Some Are Not (2) Renewable resource Several days to several hundred years to renew E.g., forests, grasslands, fresh air, fertile soil Sustainable yield Highest rate at which we can use a renewable resource without reducing available supply

  7. Some Sources Are Renewable and Some Are Not (3) • Nonrenewable resources • Energy resources • Metallic mineral resources • Nonmetallic mineral resources • Reuse • Recycle

  8. Ecological Footprints: A Model of Unsustainable Use of Resources Ecological footprint: the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to provide the people in a region with indefinite supply of renewable resources, and to absorb and recycle wastes and pollution Per capita ecological footprint Unsustainable: footprint is larger than biological capacity for replenishment

  9. Total Ecological Footprint (million hectares) and Share of Global Biological Capacity (%) Per Capita Ecological Footprint (hectares per person) United States 2,810 (25%) 9.7 United States European Union 2,160 (19%) European Union 4.7 China China 2,050 (18%) 1.6 0.8 India 780 (7%) India Japan Japan 540 (5%) 4.8 2.5 Unsustainable living 2.0 Numberof Earths 1.5 Projected footprint 1.0 Ecological footprint 0.5 Sustainable living 0 1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year

  10. Points of View • Neo malthusian • Cornucopian • Anthropocentric • Biocentric • Ecocentric • Stewardship • Environmental Justice

  11. Different Views about Environmental Problems and Their Solutions • Environmental ethics: what is right and wrong with how we treat the environment • Planetary management worldview • We are separate from and in charge of nature • Stewardship worldview • Manage earth for our benefit with ethical responsibility to be stewards • Environmental wisdom worldview • We are part of nature and must engage in sustainable use

  12. Principles • Sustainability • Carrying Capacity • Ecological Footprint • Spaceship Earth • Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin) • Basic Law of Ecology • Gaia Hypothesis • Precautionary Principle - When there is a great threat of serious environmental damage, we should not wait for scientific proof before taking precautionary steps to prevent potential harm

  13. Feedback / Feedback Loops • Feedback- when one part of the system changes • Those changes affect another part of the system • Which affects the first change • Negative feedback- an increase in output leads to a later decrease • Self-regulating, or stabilizing • Positive feedback- an increase in output leads to a further increase in the output • Destabilizing

  14. Example

  15. Scientific Method • Observation • Hypothesis / Prediction (If ….., then…..) • Experimental design • Step by step • Relates to the hypothesis • Clearly identify variables • Control • Independent (manipulated) • Dependent (responding) • Data Collection - Quantitative • Repeatability • Data Analysis • Error Analysis • Conclusions

  16. Energy • Energy = ability to do work • Types of Energy  KE, PE, Solar, Nuclear, Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Thermal, etc. • Heat = total energy • Temperature = proportional to the average kinetic energy • Power = rate of doing work; rate of energy consumption • Energy Quality • High • Low • Energy Efficiency • Simple : [(Eout)/(Ein)] * 100 (% efficiency) • Net Energy : (Eout) – ALL energy inputs (mining resource, processing, transportation, losses in use) • Productivity • GPP – gross primary productivity • NPP = GPP – R (R = respiration) Net primary productivity

  17. Laws / Concepts Relating to Energy Flow • First Law of Thermodynamics – Law of Conservation of Energy • Conservation of Energy implies conservation of matter (b.c.) • E = mc2 (Einstein) • Second Law of Thermodynamics – Law of Degradation of Energy – Entropy  No conversion of energy is 100% efficient • Maximum Power Principle  the system that gets the most energy and uses it most efficiently will survive in competiton with others (Nature tends to shorten the food chain) • Thermal gradient  heat flows, spontaneously, from warmer to cooler.

  18. Possible or Impossible?

  19. Ways to Transmit Energy Conduction Convection Radiation

  20. Basic Chemistry Concepts • Atom – fundamental particles • Nucleus – dense, positively charged center • Protons  positively charged • Neutrons  neutral • Electrons  outside the nucleus (orbit the nucleus); negative charge- • Atomic number = number of protons • Mass Number = number of protons + neutrons • Isotope = same atomic number, different mass number • Allotrope = more than one form is stable (O2, O3) • Ions = charged particles; lost or gained electrons

  21. Radioactive Isotopes • Uses • Half-life • Emissions • a –alpha  least penetrating, equivalent to a helium nuclei • b – beta  equivalent to an electron • g – gamma  most penetrating • Nuclear Reactions • Nuclear Fission – larger particles to smaller particles • Nuclear Fusion – smaller particles to larger particles • Nuclear Waste • High level • Low level

  22. Chemistry Con’t • Bonding • Ionic – metals + non metals; transfer electrons • Covalent – non metal + non metal; share electrons, form bonds • Hydrogen bonding – intermolecular force; N, O, and F only • Compounds • Inorganic • Organic • Diatomic – H, O, N, F, Cl, Br, I • Biologically Important Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins • Acids / Bases • pH scale  generally 0 – 14 • pH = -log [H+]

  23. pH Calculations Logarithm Calculations (base 10) Log10(x) = Y 10Y = x pH = -log[H+] If the [H+] = 10-3, the pH = -log[10-3] = 3

More Related