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Prelude to new global transitions

1850-1900 New Power Balance 2 nd Industrial Revolution Nationalism Reform War . Prelude to new global transitions. Agree or disagree? 8 hr workday Child labor laws Government protection of bank deposits Government ownership of public transportation High tax rates for wealthier people

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Prelude to new global transitions

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  1. 1850-1900 New Power Balance 2nd Industrial Revolution Nationalism Reform War Prelude to new global transitions

  2. Agree or disagree? • 8 hr workday • Child labor laws • Government protection of bank deposits • Government ownership of public transportation • High tax rates for wealthier people • Inspection of meat packing • Government health insurance • National parks • Old age retirement payments • Public school • Minimum wage pay required for hourly workers • Government ownership of utilities & fuel sources • Public libraries • Laws against monopolies • Worker’s compensation for injury on the job • Workplace safety inspection • Public Parks • Public museums • Laws to protect water & air quality

  3. 2nd Industrial Revolution • Railroad building booms - expands even more • Steamships - more • Telegraph cables / transatlantic, etc. • Steel(Bessemer Process) • Chemicals(explosives/fertilizer) • Electricity(Faraday/Edison)

  4. Edison's incandescent lamps light up a New York art gallery, 1882

  5. Finance • Business cycles & 1873 depression led to “neo-mercantilism” • Companies tried to create monopolies; urged govt to raise tariffs! What happened to laissez faire?! • Britain the main financial power • Germany & US growing as industrial powers

  6. Demographic changes • Peak of European & European descended populations • Massive emigration of Europeans • Emigration from Asia & Africa to be indentured servants • Jump in urbanization - & some sprawl because of RR • City sanitation & amenities rise • e.g. Paris - Haussmann

  7. Pissarro – French Impressionist painter

  8. Cult of domesticity meets feminism • “separate spheres” • Even married working class women expected to be at home – status symbol for husband • Increase in servants – “ ; • Feminism • Education changes demanded • Professions open to women • Organization to fight injustices • Organization for voting rights • Emmeline Pankhurst – British radical

  9. Photographic family portrait • Mary Cassatt – Impressionist painter

  10. Washerwoman/Laundress Daumier

  11. Emmeline Pankhurst - suffragette

  12. New Political Movements & Reforms • Scientific Socialism - Marxism German Karl Marx-economics & class conflict drive history; proletarian revolution is inevitable • Revisionist Socialism – socialism through democratic reforms; each country developed a political party to participate in politics • Why? • Expansion of voting rights to UMS • France: Napoleon III deposed; Third French Republic established • England: most men voting by 1900 • Germany: UMS -ish

  13. Unification in Italy & Germany Trouble in Empires Rising European Nationalism

  14. Nationalism • Desire among a group of people to be an independent state united through their shared language, history & culture = nation-state • Italian and German peoples were divided among multiple states; intellectuals wanted unification; earlier attempts failed • 2 strong states – Italian Sardinia and German Prussia – were led by their Prime ministers/chancellors to create unified nation states

  15. Impact of Nationalism • Italian & German Austrian & Russian States Empires

  16. Unification of Italy – 1858-1870 • Sardinian PM Count Cavour unified the North through war & diplomacy under the King of Sardinia • Garibaldiliberated the South through war & agreed to turn it over to create a united Italy • 1870 gain Rome

  17. Pre-unification German states

  18. Unification of Germany – 1864-1871 • Otto von Bismarck - Prussian Chancellor to King Wilhelm (William) • Orchestrated 3 wars to unify the German States [Denmark, Austria, France] • 1870 – Franco-Prussian War created final unification by making German states fear French aggression • 1871 – Treaty of Frankfurt ; France to pay HUGE indemnity & lost Alsace & Lorraine to Germany

  19. The new German Kaiser (Wilhelm I) was crowned in Versailles – Hall of Mirrors…

  20. Post-unification Germany

  21. Realpolitik(pragmatism): Bismarck established a conservative government that tried to pacify conservatives, liberals and socialists! • Universal male suffrage-ish, public education, old age pensions, medical care, accident insurance, reduced power of Catholic Church • Created alliances to isolate France • Took role of European mediator • German economy boomed • Wilhelm II came to the throne & fired Bismarck – pursued an aggressive foreign policy – bad news…

  22. Creating “alliances” to isolate France…

  23. France • Franco-Prussian War led to the end of the 2nd French Empire & the beginning of the Third French Republic • Universal male suffrage; free public education • Imperial expansion • Strong nationalism • Concerned about growth of German power

  24. Great Britain • Expansion of voting to include 4/5ths of male population • Both liberal and conservative parties attempt to improve opportunities for population • Labour Party developed • Concerned with Empire-building • Rise of Irish Nationalism - • Irish Home Rule Movement

  25. Nationalism in the Empires • Austrian Empire • becomes Austria-Hungary after unification of Italy & war with Prussia • Other nationalities in the empire want autonomy • Concerned about pan-slavism • Russian Empire • Great diversity also; most people not “Russian” regions desire autonomy • Pogroms (attacks) on Jews • Industrial developments were state owned

  26. Stage is set for the Scramble for Africa …etc…And World War I

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