The Perceiving Self: Psychophysiology and the Varieties of the New Psychology

1. The Perceiving Self: Psychophysiology and the Varieties of the New Psychology

2. Hermann Helmholtz (1821-1894) MYOGRAPH—”frog curve”

3. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Principles of Physiological Psychology (1873-1874) Investigated the interface between internal and external observation 1879—first psychological laboratory set up Leipzig, Germany

4. Wundt’s Psychological Laboratoryc. 1910official journal: Philosophische Studien(Philosophical Studies)

5. Perceiving the Inner World • Inner Perception —formulated by the Austrian philosopher Franz Brentano, in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874). Indirect noticing of mental events, not active focusing on them, e.g. I attend to the way I hear a sound in the same moment as I hear it. • Introspection or inner observation —an active reflection on the contents of consciousness, e.g. I attend to way I hear the sound, or reflect on it after I hear it.

6. Horizontal Kymograph c. 1916 Brass Instruments Psychology, University of Toronto

7. Hipp Chronoscope

8. Wundt’s Control Hammer From Titchener’s Photograph Album on Psychological Instruments, 1895, courtesy Max Planck

9. COLOR DISK ROTATORS From: Museum of the History of Psychological Instrumentation Eduard Zimmerman Catalog (1903)

10. Tone or Stern Variator c. 1910

11. TACHISTOSCOPE c. 1930 Stoelting, C. H. 1930. Apparatus, Tests and Supplies for Psychology, Psychometry, Psychotechnology, Psychiatry, Neurology, Anthropology, Phonetics, Physiology, and Pharmacology, courtesy, MPIWG

12. “Subject” or“Observer” became standard terms by about 1900. Experimenter called “Manipulator, Signaler, Reader” From,Spindler & Hoyer. 1908. Apparate für psychologische Untersuchungen., Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

13. Wilhelm Wundt Ethnic or Cultural Psychology on Language, Myth and Custom 1910-1920 (ten volumes)

14. William James (1842-1910) The Principles of Psychology (1890) Professor of physiology at Harvard James taught 1875 course:“The Relations between Physiology And Psychology” with laboratory component This method of patience, starving out, and harassing to death is tried; Nature must submit to a regular siege, in which minute advantages gained night and day by the forces that hem her in must sum themselves at last into her overthrow. There is little of the grand style about these new prism, pendulum and galvanometer philosophers. They mean business, not chivalry.”(James, North American Review , 1875, p. 200).

15. Harvard Psychological Laboratory, 1892 Harvard University Archives

16. Psychological Laboratory Harvard,1893 Nichols, Herbert. 1893. The Psychological Laboratory at Harvard. McClure's Magazine: 399-409, courtesy MPIWG

17. Münsterberg’s Laboratory, Harvard, c. 1915 From Roback, History of American Psychology, 1952

18. “Refuse to vent a passing passion, and it dies. Count ten before venting your anger, and its occasion seems ridiculous. Whistling to keep up courage is no mere figure of speech. On the other hand, sit all day in a moping posture, sigh, and reply to everything with a dismal voice, and your melancholy lingers. There is no more valuable precept in moral education than this, as all who have experience know: if we wish to conquer undesirable emotional tendencies in ourselves, we must assiduously, and in the first instance cold-bloodedly, go through the outward movements of those contrary dispositions which we prefer to cultivate…Smooth the brow, brighten the eye… and your heart must be rigid indeed if it do not gradually thaw!” James, Principles of Psychology, 1890

19. G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) Trained with William James & Wundt; Set up Johns Hopkins Psychology Laboratory; President of Clark University, 1888; Helped form Child Study Movement

20. American Psychological Association founded 1892

21. Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) Trained with Wundt Psychologist at Cornell University from 1892-1927 “Structuralist” Advocated Introspection – on sensations, affects and images as basic units of mental life. Examined the bits and pieces of consciousness that one could report on while attending to one’s mental state very carefully.

22. CORNELL PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 1898 From E.B.Titchener, “ A Psychological Laboratory” Mind, New Series, Vol. 7, no. 27, (July, 1898) 311-331

23. Cornell Doctorates in Psychologysupervised by Titchener before 1900 • Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) 1896 Alice Julia Hamlin Walter Bowers Pillsbury • Issac Madison Bentley Eleanor Acheson McCulloch Gamble Stella Emily Sharp

24. From Rossiter, “Doctorates for American Women, 1868-1907”History of Education Quarterly, Summer, 1982, 22:2, p. 167

25. Titchener trained 22 women among his 56 graduate students from 1894-1927. From: E. Boring, “Edward Bradford Titchener 1867-1927” American Journal of Psychology Vol 38, No. 4, Oct. 1927, p. 506.

26. Ethel Puffer Howes (1872-1950) Studied at University of Berlin, and Freiburg Received Ph.D. Radcliffe, 1902 Taught at Radcliffe, Wellesley, Simmons Wrote Psychology of Beauty (1905) Her marriage (1908) effectively ended her career. June Etta Downey (1875-1932) Studied at University Chicago Professor of Philosophy Head of Philosophy/Psych. Dept At University of Wyoming Wrote Creative Imagination (1929)

27. “persistent vicious alternative, marriage or career—full personal life versus the way of achievement.” “Women are both inevitably impelled to, and interdicted from, marriage, children, and careers.” Ethel Puffer Howes, 1922, “Accepting the Universe” p. 452.

28. Functional Psychology • Consciousness serves a function in the evolutionary process • Focus on the organism in adaptation to its environment • Interest in practical, motivational factors • Studied a variety of subject groups—children, animals, mentally ill • Proponents include William James, James Rowland Angell, John Dewey

29. Denkpsychologie (Thought Psychology) • Oswald Külpe (1862-1915) • Founded Institute of Psychology in 1896 at University of Würzburg, Germany • Wundt rejected findings of this school • Interested in subject’s processes of thought as they performed tasks

30. International Psychology Meetings • 1889First international Congress of Physiological Psychology, Paris Topics: hypnosis, and telepathic communication, heredity and muscular sensation. • 1892Congress of Experimental Psychology, London Attendees: Francis Galton, Cesare Lombroso, Pierre Janet, even Hermann Helmholtz • 1896Congress of Experimental Psychology, Munich, Germany

31. World's Columbian Exposition Chicago, 1893

32. Wax specimens in the Harvard Psychological Laboratory in Dane Hall, 1892 Harvard University Exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition (World's Fair) Chicago, 1893.

33. Psychological Pedagogy: Education and Development • G. Stanley Hall wrote “The Contents of Children’s Minds” 1883 • Psychology introduced as a topic in 1891 National Education Association meeting • Hall spearheaded “child study movement at Clark University with local teachers • Use of surveys and questionnaires • New Journal: Pedagogical Seminary 1891 • Hall trained Arnold Gesell, head of psychological clinic at Yale, founded 1911 – normative scales for child development

34. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=ByBRqMNTcNQ&list=PLoKHPNUCInPCDKVkhoM5Jqj4SD7qbgAtshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=ByBRqMNTcNQ&list=PLoKHPNUCInPCDKVkhoM5Jqj4SD7qbgAts