United States Expansion: 1803-1860

1. Chapter 10, Lesson 3 ACOS #10: Describe events between 1803 and 1860 that led to the expansion of the territory of the United StatesACOS #10a: Trace expeditions of Lewis and Clark in the American West, including the role of SacagaweaACOS #10b: Identify the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine.ACOS #11: Explain causes of and major events occurring during the War of 1812.ACOS 11a: Locate on a map major areas of conflict in the War of 1812, including Washington, DC

2. Key Vocabulary Words • Prosperity – economic success and security. • Nationalism – a devotion to one’s country. • Foreign policy – a government’s actions toward other nations.

3. Trouble with Britain • In the early 1800’s, Britain and France were at war. • President Jefferson wanted the United States to stay neutral so they could continue to trade with both countries. • Britain started raiding American ships looking for British sailors. Sometimes in the raids, they would capture American sailors and make them serve in the British navy. • This ‘impressment’ caused American and Great Britain to become enemies.

4. War Hawks • In 1810, a group in Congress, the War Hawks, began calling for war against Britain. • The War Hawks were angry for 2 reasons: • Britain impressing American sailors into their navy and because • American Indians continued to fight settlers on the frontier and the War Hawks suspected the British were supplying the Indians with weapons.

5. Tecumseh • He was a Shawnee chief who wanted to unite all the American Indian nations west of the Appalachian Mountains. • Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, wanted to keep the settlers away. • Tecumseh and nearly 1,000 followers lived near the Tippecanoe River in Indian Territory. • William Henry Harrison thought the Indians were a threat. • Harrison and Tecumseh, along with their followers had a battle at Tippecanoe. • After the battle, Tecumseh went to Canada to join the British against the settlers.

6. Tecumseh and the Prophet • Remember what you learned about Tecumseh and his brother ,the Prophet, last year in Alabama History. • They came into Alabama and “fired up” the Creek Indians. This led to the Creek Indian War. • The Red Sticks wanted war, like Tecumseh. • The White Sticks wanted peace with the settlers. • The Massacre at Fort Mims was a result of the Creek Indian War.

7. Fighting the War • On June 18, 1812, Congress declared war against Britain. • The United States wanted to stop the impressment of American sailors. • They also wanted to stop the British from helping the American Indians fight the settlers. • Most of the battles took place near Canada. • Captain Oliver Perry forced British ships on Lake Erie to surrender. • Americans won the battle on the Thames (Tims) River and the Battle of Lake Champlain. • Tecumseh died in the battle on the Thames River. • Some Creek and Cherokee Indians still fought on America’s side.

8. British Invasion • In August, 1814, Great Britain attacked Washington, D.C. • The President Madison’s wife, Dolly Madison saved some important papers. • She also saved a famous painting of George Washington. • British forces burned the White House and other buildings in Washington, D.C. • Next, the British moved on to Baltimore-Cannons from Britain’s ships fired on Fort McHenry. • The U.S. Army did not surrender.

9. Frances Scott Key • He was a lawyer who watched the battle at Fort McHenry at the Baltimore Harbor. • The sight of the American flag flying over the fort in the early morning inspired him to write a poem. • This poem was later set to music and became the ‘Star Spangled Banner’, which is our country’s national anthem.

10. The End of the War • After 2 years of fighting, no one was winning the war, so American and Great Britain decided to end it. • A peace treaty was signed in 1814 in Ghent, Belgium. • The treaty did not give either side any new land. Things just returned to what they were. • News of the peace treaty took a long time to reach America. • Meanwhile, British soldiers attacked New Orleans. • Andrew Jackson led the army in New Orleans, and forced the British soldiers back. • Jackson’s brave defense of New Orleans made him a national hero.

11. A New Sense of Pride • Prosperity is • The time after the war was one of peace and prosperity. economic success and security. • This period was called the ‘Era of Good Feeling’. • During this period of ten years, people had a new sense of nationalism. • Nationalism is a devotion to one’s country. • new sense of pride created more interest in the national flag. • In 1818, Congress passed a law about how many stripes and stars would be on the flag-13 stripes for the 13 original colonies and a star for each state.

12. The Monroe Doctrine • After the War of 1812, the United States wanted to keep European countries out of the Western Hemisphere. • President James Monroe, who was elected in 1816, was worried that European countries would invade the Americas. • He was especially worried that Spain might try to take over former colonies in America. • President Monroe warned European countries to stay out of North and South America and in return, promised to keep America out of European fights. • This was a new foreign policy called the ‘Monroe Doctrine’. • Foreign policy is a government’s actions toward another country. • The ‘Monroe Doctrine’ also warned that United States would act to protect countries in the Western Hemisphere.

13. New American Authors • Another sign of growing pride was a new interest in writers from the United States. • In 1828, Noah Webster published the first dictionary of English that was used in America. • Webster’s dictionary showed how people in the United States spoke and included words found only in American-English. • Many words came from American-Indian languages.

14. New American Authors • Washington Irving wrote The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle, and other short stories. • James Fenimore Cooper wrote many novels, including The Last of the Mohicans.