Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19 The Age of Exploration

2. History Background • Factors leading to the Age of Exploration • The Crusades – Europeans wanted Asian goods • Marco Polo’s visit to China – made people curious about the East. • Navigation easier and more accurate. • Renaissance cartographers improved map making. • Improvements to wind driven ships made transoceanic voyages possible.

3. Countries sought own routes to East • Italian city-states monopolized trade routes to Asia • Portugal explored the African coast. • Vasco da Gama (Portugese) sailed around Africa and on to India. • Spain (Christopher Columbus) tried to reach India by going west. Americas came first!

4. Consequences of Reaching Americas • Spain and Portugal gained wealth. • Aztecs and Incas fell to superior technology and disease. • Soon English, French, and Dutch laid claim to the “New Worlds” • Native American cultures fell.

5. Europe profits • Develop industries • Build armies and navies • Birth of capitalism • Capitalism led to greater wealth among individuals and nations.

6. Revolutionary • Geographic knowledge of the world • Native American and African cultures exposed • Economic and political power to western European nations • Sets the stage for more revolutionary changes.

7. Section 1: The Voyages of Discovery • Cartography – the science of making maps and globes • Caravel – a small, narrow ship with two or three masts and triangular sails • Galleon – a large, fast ship with three masts and both square and triangular sails that carried trade goods and treasures. • Circumnavigate – sail completely around

8. Shipbuilding Revolution • Caravel: fast and easy to maneuver in various wind and sea conditions • Galleon: for long-distance trips needing more room for supplies and a large crew

9. Successful Voyages • Advances in Technology • More accurate maps and globes • Magnetic compass • Astrolabe • Faster, lighter sailing ships instead of heavy, slow rowing ships

10. Voyages – Portuguese • Bartolomeu Dias: 1488; first Europeans to sail past Cape of Good Hope. Now known you could reach Indian Ocean by sea. • Vasco da Gama: 1497; round Cape of Good Hope on to India and returned to Portugal. Charted a round-trip route from Europe to Asia

11. Voyages - Columbus • 1492; set sail (with backing from Spain) west • Landed in what is now the Bahamas • Thought that the distance from Europe west to Asia was thousands of miles less than it really was. • Made three return voyages

12. Voyages – The “New World” • 1500, Pedro Cabral, sailed to South America (thought he was going to the Indian Ocean) • 1501, Amerigo Vespucci concluded that Columbus had discovered a “New World” • A German cartographer named the new world “America”, a Latin version of Vespucci’s first name.

13. Voyages - Magellan • 1519, Ferdinand Magellan sailed from Spain with 5 ships and a crew of over 250 • Eventually landed in the Philippine Islands. • Magellan died in a battle with the islanders. • 1522, one of Magellan’s ships (along with 18 surviving crew members) made it back to Spain. • They circumnavigated the world!

14. New View of the World • “The hidden half of the globe is brought to light” • Revealed the extent of Africa and the existence of the Americas • Europeans wanted to know about world geography • Printers made portable atlases • Gerardus Mercator published a new world map.

15. Gerardus Mercator • Published a new world map • Spherical Earth shown on a flat grid • Came to be known as Mercator projections • Still used by sailors today.

16. Section 2: The Conquest of the Americas • Bullion – precious metals melted into bars • Immunity – the ability of the body to fight a disease • Colonization – the process of taking over territory, creating new government, and settling towns

17. The Spanish Conquer Two Empires • Cortes defeats Moctezuma • Had two interpreters that gave Cortes vital information about the Aztecs. • Formed alliances with Aztec enemies • Took Moctezuma prisoner while being an honored guest • Moctezuma killed in the battle between the Spanish and the Aztecs • Spanish forced to retreat. Cortes returned for another try. • Smallpox epidemic killed many Aztecs. • The survivors surrendered in August 1521

18. Aztec Poem “Nothing but flowers and songs of sorrow Are left in Mexico and Tlatelolco… We are crushed to the ground; We lie in ruins.”

19. Francisco Pizarro • Pizarro took advantage of chaos caused by smallpox, civil war, and a divided Inca Empire. • Invited Atahualpa to a friendly meeting and threw him in prison. • Pizarro rejected the Inca ransom and had Atahualpa killed. • Without a leader, the Incas fell to the Spaniards in Cuzco 1533.

20. The Impact of Conquest • Enriched Spain but devastated the Aztecs and Incas • Spanish colonies brought great wealth to Spain; millions of Aztecs/Incas wiped out from disease and their cultural treasures destroyed • The wealth of the Spanish colonies in the Americas led to other Europeans’ desire for colonies in the Americas.

21. The Impact of Conquest • Conquistadors melted down carved gold ornaments, statues, and wall decorations. • These masterpieces of Aztec and Inca art were lost forever. • Conquistadors also ruined cities and built their own. • Tore down Templo Mayor; built Mexico city over the ruins

22. The Impact of Conquest • Conquistadors destroyed temples, statues of Gods, and books • Killed native priests • Called the quipus “books of the devil” and burned them. • All Inca history was lost; Aztec history books were burned. • Millions of Aztecs/Incas died from smallpox, but the Spanish were immune.

23. Section 3 – The Planting of Colonies • Columbian Exchange: the exchange of people, other living things, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres • Missionaries: church members who try to convert people to a particular religion. • Mission: a religious settlement or base where missionaries work

24. Global Empires • European nations founded global empires. • Trading Posts helped people to trade freely • Colonies were established around the world • Missions were built so church members could live there and preach their beliefs to others. • Europeans established three types of settlements: trading posts, colonies, and missions.

25. Missionaries’ Success • Most Successful: China, Japan, Philippine Islands • Least Successful: New France and English colonies

26. The Columbian Exchange • The great voyages of discovery started a global exchange or people, plants, animals, diseases, and ideas. • Plants: • Maize (or corn), sugar cane, and many more • People: • Enslaved Africans, European and Asian immigrants

27. The Columbian Exchange • Animals: • Horses, cows, pigs, goats, chickens • Other goods: • Diseases, ideas, and beliefs

28. The Columbian Exchange From the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia: Maize Potato Beans Peanut Squash Peppers Tomato Cocoa From Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Americas: Wheat Sugar Banana Rice Horse Pig Cow Chicken smallpox

29. Section 4: The Origins of Modern Capitalism • Cottage industry: the use of workers at home with their own equipment • Traditional economy: an economy in which the exchange of goods is based on custom • Market economy: an economy in which prices and the distribution of goods are based on competition in a market

30. The Beginnings of Capitalism • Capitalism is an economy based on the private ownership of property and the use of property to compete for profits, or gains, in a market. • Main goal: to make the largest possible profit!

31. Key Parts of Capitalism • Free market (sellers compete to supply goods). Supply and demand – the price revolution • Using money to make even more profits • Landownership • English landowners forced peasants off the land so they could use it to produce wool for sale. Wool was more profitable than farming.

32. Mercantilism • An economic policy that promotes building a nation’s strength by expanding its trade. • Goal: bring as much wealth as possible into the country. • Believed the main goal of trade was to make a nation more powerful. • Money from trade paid for strong powerful armies and navies.

33. Impact of Mercantilism • Sellers’ countries got richer • Buyers’ countries got poorer • Trading patterns increased • Raw materials often found in faraway lands