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Chapter 27

Chapter 27. The Urban Frontier. Post Civil War we move to City Population on grow, especially in cities 40 million in 1870 1900 2x that 4 out of 10 city dwellers Industrial jobs pull people in both Europe and US to city. Cities grow up and out Elevator and steel

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Chapter 27

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  1. Chapter 27

  2. The Urban Frontier • Post Civil War we move to City • Population on grow, especially in cities • 40 million in 1870 • 1900 2x that • 4 out of 10 city dwellers • Industrial jobs pull people in both Europe and US to city

  3. Cities grow up and out • Elevator and steel • Sullivan: Form follows function • People started living outside and moving in • Commuter mentality • Trolleys help cities move out • Divide ethnic groups

  4. Rural can’t compete • City exciting • Electricity, indoor plumbing, no cows • Sites • Jobs • Dreiser's Carrie Meeker in Sister Carrie • City issues pop up • Trash/ in country little waste • Trash barrels not even mentioned in Sears catalogue • Criminals • Disease • Impure water • Stench

  5. Humanity Compressed • Slums • Dumbbell Tenements • Lung block • Shared toilets • Flop house • $ leaves city to suburbs

  6. New Immigration • East and South • 1880s on • Looked different • Little history of Democracy • Cities • Ethnic neighborhoods

  7. Why US? • America Fever • Over sold optimism • Industry needs workers • RR wants buyers for land • Steamships want to sell tix • Religious freedom • 1880s Jews see a new beginning in NY • Birds of Passage • Culture Clashes • Schools, clubs • Old immigrants mistreat new immigrants

  8. Reaction to Immigration • Fed. Gov. did nothing for assimilation • City overwhelmed • Bosses: help and hurt • Social Gospel • Jane Addams: Hull House • Lillian Wald: Henry Street Settlement • Anti Sweat Shop laws

  9. Narrowing Welcome Mat • Nativist party still strong • Immigrants work for low wages • APA: 1187 • American Protective Association • Organized labor not support immigration • 1882 paupers, criminals, convicts • 1885 stop foreign workers contract • Favored old immigrants • 1886 Statue of Liberty

  10. Darwin Disrupts Churches • Religion facing criticism • Bible under scrutiny • 1859 Origin of Species • Challenged Fundamentalists • Religions split on themselves • Ingersoll: Mistakes of Moses, Why I am Agnostic

  11. Lust for Learning • Realizing must educate youth • High schools became more common • Free textbooks • Normal Schools • Kindergartens • Chautauqua for adults, • Cities provide better ed ops then country

  12. Booker T vs. WEB • South slow to develop • Illiteracy high • Booker T • Ex slave • Champion of education • Not actually approach social equality • President of Tuskegee Institute

  13. George Washington Carver • Agricultural chemist • Was ransomed as child • Found new uses for plants

  14. WEB • Said Booker an Uncle Tom • PhD • Immediate equality • Helped organize NAACP 1909

  15. Hallowed Halls • Colleges pop up more then ever • 25% grads women (1900) • Morrill Act 1862 • Allowed for growth of colleges • Provided land to states for support of colleges • Hatch Act: 1887:provided funds for experimental stations • Philanthropy: • Cornell, Stanford, Rockefeller

  16. Curriculum Changes Classics were on the way out as industrialization demanded more practical courses Electives (Choices) more popular Dangerous doctrines threatened freedom Evolution Objection to high tariff Medical Schools grew following the war Influenced the unpopularity of beards Life expectancy up at turn of century March of the Mind

  17. Public Libraries Library of Congress 1897 Andrew C. 60 million libraries Newspapers Linotype 1885 Noncontroversial and syndicated stories replaced editorials, no offending Sensational stories written to appeal to the semi-literate Yellow Journalism Pulitzer and Hearst Appeal of Press

  18. Magazines appearedNew York Nation: civil service reform, low tariffs, honest gov Henry George: Progress and Poverty 100% tax on sale of property and government run businesses for the public good Edward Bellamy and Looking Backward reform

  19. Dime Novels Ben Hur: Wallace Alger stored Poets Whitman Lanier: Wrote with TB Dickinson: recluse Post War writing

  20. Literature changing Pre civil war era was giving way to realism and materialism of the industrial age Authors were writing about events and situations around them Literary Landmarks

  21. Chopin: Feminist author, adultery suicide women's ambition: Awakening

  22. Mark Twain • Most successful author of era • Coined Gilded Age • Other Popular writers: • Bret Harte: Gold Rush stories • Stephen Crane: Maggie a Girl on the streets • Jack London and Dreiser social writers:The Octopus and Sister Carrie

  23. The New Morality • Victoria Woodhull: • Feminist who attacked Beecher and advocated Free Love • Comstock: • Hero of pure minded • Comstock Law: anti pornography Had Economic freedom triggered Sexual Freedom?

  24. FAMILIES AND Women in the City • Urban life changed • Divorce rate grew • Work habits changed, • Family size shrunk • Birth control

  25. What did feminists advocate • Child care centers • Suffrage • Wyoming first state to give women right to vote • Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Women and Economics: Feminist literature • New leaders in movement: Catt

  26. Prohibition • Demon Rum and temperance reformers on rise • Civil war had increased consumption • National Proh. Parry 1869 • Immigrants opposed to temperance

  27. Artistic Triumph • Eastman • cameras • Whistler • Portrait painter • Inness, Eakins, Homer • Painters • Saint Gaudens: Sculpting • Music • Orchestras on rise • Canned music • Architecture • Sullivan • Richardson: • High vaulted buildings, ornate • Richardsonian

  28. Amusement • Vaudeville • PT Barnum • Buffalo Bill Cody • Sports and amusements • Baseball • Basketball (1891) • Croquet and bikes • Spectator sports • Creates heroes • Corbet and Sullivan

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