Introduction to Pathology

1. Introduction to Pathology Fall 2009 FINAL

2. Terms • _____________ is the study of disease. • _________ is any abnormal disturbance of function or structure as a result of injury • __________occurs after disease. This is the sequence of events producing cellular changes which produce manifestations. • _______________ are observable changes

3. Types of Manifestations • _________________________________: • Complaints offered by the patients. • Headaches, nausea, aches and pains • ________________________________: • Abnormal changes as observed by a physician • Can be acquired by touch, smell, tests or visual inspection • Includes fever, swelling, discoloration and rash.

4. Etiology Is the study of the cause of a disease. • Common agents: • Viruses • Bacteria • Trauma • Heat, • Poor infection control

5. Poor Infection Control • __________ Infections- are those that occur in a hospital or hospital like setting • Are a result of 3 factors: • High prevalence of pathogens • High prevalence of compromised hosts • Efficient mechanisms of transmission from patient to patient

6. Iatrogenic Disease Adverse responses induced in a patient by a physicians manner, activity or therapy. • Ex: A collapsed lobe of the lung that occurred due a complication during an arterial line placement.

7. Acute vs. Chronic • _____________ disease • Quick onset • Lasts a short period of time • Ex. Pneumonia • _____________ • Presents more slowly • Lasts a long time • Ex. Multiple Sclerosis

8. Identification and Outcome • Diagnosis • Prognosis

9. Technique Considerations • Decrease technique • In diseases that are destructive • Decreasing tissue density • Subtractive or lytic changes • Increase technique • In diseases that increase tissue density • Additive or sclerotic changes

10. Epidemiology Is the investigation of diseases in large groups. • ___________ is the number of cases in a given population • ___________ is the number of new cases in a given time period • ___________ are diseases in high prevalence in a certain area • ___________ - substantially exceeds what is "expected," based on recent experience

11. Disease Classifications • Congenital and Hereditary • Inflammatory • Degenerative • Metabolic • Traumatic • Neoplastic

12. Congenital and Hereditary • _______________ are present at birth and result from genetic or environmental factors • 2-3% of all live births have one or more congenital disease • _______________ are developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent

13. Inflammatory Disease Results from the body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent. • Types of inflammatory disease: • Toxic • Infective • Allergic • Autoimmune

14. Acute Local Inflammatory Disease • Characteristics: • Heat • Redness • Swelling • Pain • Loss of function • Capillary dilatation • Cellular necrosis

15. Chronic Inflammatory Disease • May not result in cell death • More commonly it does not result in cell death • Lasts for extensive periods of time

16. Repair from Inflammatory Disease The repair of tissues is the body’s attempt to return the body to normal. • Tissue regeneration • Fibrous connective tissue repair • Debridement • Remodeling

17. Infection Is an inflammatory process caused by a disease causing organism. • It invades, multiplies and causes injury. • Generally localized infections causes inflammation • Virulence • High virulence • Low virulence

18. Degenerative Disease • Are caused by a deterioration of the body usually associated with aging. • Although some degenerative diseases affect younger patients

19. Metabolic Disease Diseases caused by a disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body. • Metabolism is the sum of all physical and chemical processes of the body. • Includes endocrine disorders and imbalance of fluid and electrolytes.

20. Endocrine System • The major glands are: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets, ovaries and testes. • A disorder can be caused from • Hypersecretion • Insufficient secretion

21. Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance • _______________ is the most common fluid imbalance • Caused by lack of water • Excessive loss of water • _______________ mineral salts • Potassium and sodium • Depletion of electrolytes is caused by: • Vomiting, diarrhea, and diuretics

22. Traumatic Disease • Diseases as a result of a mechanical force • Crushing • Twisting • Radiation • Extreme temperatures • Can involve • Bone • Soft tissue • Skin • Capillaries

23. Neoplastic Disease New or abnormal growth. • Uncontrollable growth • Neoplasm • ___________: remain localized and non-invasive • ___________: continue to grow, spread and invade other tissues

24. Metastasis Spread of malignant cancer. • Cancer is the general term to denote malignant neoplasms. • Ways of metastasis • Hematogenous • Lymphatic • Invasion • Seeding

25. Staging of Cancer • TNM system adopted in 1950’s is the standard • American Joint Committee on Cancer • American Cancer Society • American College of Radiology • Staging is the evaluation of the extent of cancer based on clinical findings • Treatment protocol is based on these findings • Provides indication of prognosis

26. TNM Staging • T: size of the tumor • Untreated primary cancer or tumor • N: Regional lymph node involvement • M: Presence or absence of distant metastasis • Numerical staging is usually designated • T1 - T4 • N1 - N4 • M1 – M4

27. Cell Differentiation Is a process in which cells mature into a functional and structurally specialized cell. • __________________ tumor cells • Resemble normal cells • Grow and spread a slow rate • ___________ or __________ differentiated • Lack structure and function of normal cells • Grow uncontrollably

28. Grading of Cancer Is an attempt to estimate the degree of malignancy of a neoplasm. • Classified into 4 grades • Grade I • Grade II • Grade III • Grade IV