Unit 5

1. Standards 11.-13 Unit 5 Expansion and Industry Table of Contents: 91. Unit 5 Questions 92. Unit 5 Vocab 93. Railroad Notes 94. Story of US Questions Unit 5 Notes pg 1 Expansion West and Conflict

2. Background • While Reconstruction was going on in the South, industry being developed in the North • By early 1900’s (20th c) US was beating Europe in development • Marked by: • RR- industrial growth and westward expansion • Steel- helped RR and growth of cities • Immigrants- did the work, changed America

3. The Impact of Railroads On business: • Steel industry boomed to provide materials for RR- steel became cheaper • Other industries grew to help RR • Other industries used the steel too • Goods can be shipped cheaper • Goods now sold to customers all over US On the West: • Immigrants hired to do the work • Europeans built E W • Chinese built WE • Very dangerous • Many died • First transcontinental RR built in 1869 • Fed gov’t gives land grants to RR companies • They sell the land` for cheap • People move out West to settle this new land • Fights between new settlers and Native Americans

4. Age of Extremes Busted Rise of business trusts and monopolies John D. Rockefeller Electricity Immigration Workers Pullman Strike The Jungle Women and Children Native Americans Jim Crow laws Urban living Ballin’

5. Rise of Trusts & Monopolies • Businesses want to maximize profits • Start taking over competition and controlling market • Once they own the competition: set prices, productivity, sales • Monopoly- dominance of the market by one company Famous Monopolists- • Andrew Carnegie- steel • Vanderbilt & Gould- railroads • J.P. Morgan- banking and finance • Rockefeller- Standard Oil

6. Rockefeller • Created Standard Oil • Realized that if he gained control of all aspects of oil industry he would make more money (transport from the source, refine, ship and sell) • By 1879- controlled 90% of oil business

7. Electricity • Thomas Edison- invented lightbulb, phonograph, motion picture, electric grid and more • Impact- • Long distance energy transmission to light buildings, streets, neighborhoods • Electricity replaces steam for power • Horses replaced by street cars • Less need for human labor with appliances • Increased quality of life

8. Consequences of Industrial Growth • Major social changes (urbanization, wealth and poverty, immigrant conditions) • Native Americans must defend land promised in the West by US Gov’t • Immigrants compete for jobs and fight for better working conditions • Factory workers organize unions

9. Expansion West and Conflict with Natives • Eastern US- crowded and industrial- move West for land • Had to compete with Native Americans for land and resources • Wars between settlers and Plains Indians • Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868- • Plains Indians get the Black Hills in Dakotas and promise to leave settlers alone • Gold discovered in Black Hills in 1875- US wants the land back, wars start again • Great Sioux War- 1876-1877- Sioux won at first but eventually are outnumbered and defeated • US gov’t sanctions killing off of buffalo (what the Plains Indians lived off of = Indians have to starve or go to reservations • Sitting Bull- a warrior in Great Sioux War • Led his group to Canada but had to come back to reservation to survive • Tried to fight again for land- Battle at Wounded Knee- 300 Sioux Indians killed (women and children) • Ended fighting between US gov’t and Native Americans 

10. Immigration 97. Native American Holiday Poster 98. Immigration Cornell Notes 99. Ellis Island and Immigration Questions EQ- How did immigration shape America during this time period? Standard- 12

11. Ellis Island and Immigration Cornell Note Questions: Why were immigrants leaving Europe? What were the three waves of immigration? Characteristics/conditions of immigrants? Ellis Island facts What was the impact of immigration? Write your questions in the margin!

12. New Wave of Immigrants • End of 19th century bad in Europe- low wages, unemployment, disease, forced military service, religious persecution  people flee to the US • Waves of Immigration: • Prior to 1880’s- mostly North and West Europe (English, Irish, German) • 1880’s- Eastern and Southern Europe • 1880-1920- 20 million immigrants (15% of population) • Mostly poor, uneducated • Often Jewish or Catholic • Non-English speaking • Couldn’t buy land so lived in cities (bad conditions)

13. Ellis Island • Opened in NY harbor in 1892 • By 1924- 12 million immigrants (40% of Americans can trace ancestry to Ellis Island) • Inspection- 29 question interview, took 3-7 hours • Laws get more restrictive in 1890’s • 2% sent home because of disease, criminal background, insanity

14. Impact of Immigration • Overcrowding in cities- led to problems with crime and disease • Economic growth- increased demand for agricultural and industrial goods • Low wage labor is plentiful • New cultural items introduced (opera, polka, literature, kindergarten, hamburgers, spaghetti)

15. EQ- How was the progressive era marked by reform? Table of Contents: 100. Progressive Era Flipchart 101. Progressive Era Activity Jim Crow & NAACP Improve Democracy Living Conditions Conservation

16. Progressive Era of Reforms • Progressives- people who organized reform movements against: • Excesses of business and industry • Social concerns • 2nd period of reforms in US history • Helped many (not Southern blacks)

17. American Federation of Labor • Bad working conditions for unskilled workers: low wages, long workdays, no vacation, unsafe conditions • Workers begin to ban together  labor unions fighting for better pay and working conditions • Tried to collectively bargain with business owners but would strike when necessary • Samuel Gompers- • Came to US in 1863, cigar maker • 1886- founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) • President from 1886-1924 • Skilled workers • 4 million members

18. Pullman Strike • Pullman Palace Car Company- made RR cars • Had a “model” community of workers living in homes owned by the company, shopping at company stores • Company cut wages (but didn’t decrease rent or cost of food, etc.) • Workers went on strike • They are supported by the Railway Union led by Eugene Debs • They strike, damage property • US Gov’t steps in (Pres. Grover) convict Debs of conspiracy and sue the Union • Beginning of national gov’t and corporation distrust of unions

19. Improve Labor • Child Labor Laws- states set a minimum age for working and say what types of jobs kids can have • Women get a minimum wage set and max. hours for work • Worksite inspection for health, safety, sanitation • States set up workers compensation laws

20. Muckrakers • “muckraker” term for journalist who uncovers corruption (Pres. Teddy Roosevelt came up with the term) • Ida Tarbell • Invented “investigative journalism” • 1902-1904 wrote a 19 part magazine article about Rockefeller and the Standard Oil company’s practices • Used public records, news coverage and former employees • Found that Rockefeller knowingly used business practices to destroy independent businesses and establish his monopoly • Said he made a “meaner” America • People start thinking the US Gov’t should police big businesses and stop monopolies

21. The Jungle • Book written by Upton Sinclair in 1906 • He worked undercover in an immigrant community meatpacking company from 1904-1906 • Talked about the horrors of industry and living conditions • Led to formation of the FDA in 1906 (Food and Drug Act)

22. Women’s Reform Movement • Women getting educated • Start to fight for social change: • Temperance • Women’s suffrage • Sanitation • Educational reforms • End of racism • Jane Addams- founded of US Settlement House Movement in Chicago • Created the first “Hull House” to educate immigrants • Later advocated for protective laws • Founding member of NAACP

23. Jim Crow laws and NAACP • White Southern Democrats got control of gov’ts in the South and established Jim Crow laws • Initially the goal was to keep African Americans from the political process (no voting, public office or jury service) later moved to all out segregation of public facilities • US Supreme Court ruling in 1896 said segregation was OK as long as facilities were “separate but equal” • White Southerners saw it as US Gov’t permission • NAACP- National Association for Advancement of Colored People- created in 1909 • By W.E.B. DuBois • Protest violence and discrimination • Secure rights promised by the 13, 14, 15th amendments

24. Improve Democracy • At state and local level: • Initiative/Referendum- voters can suggest and approve laws w/o state legislatures • Recall- voters can get rid of elected officials before their term is over • At National level • 17th amendment- voters can now elect their own senators instead of state legislatures appointing them

25. Living Conditions • Jacob Riis published a book of photos called How the Other Half Lives- showed living conditions of immigrants in NYC (poor housing and sanitation) • Housing codes • Sanitation departments for trash, streets, dead animals • Sewer and water services in cities

26. Conservation Movements • Emerged in 1870’s • Three schools of thought about nature: • Businesses said they should be allowed to do what they want to land • Environmentalists (led by John Muir) said nature was sacred and should be protected • Conservationists (led by Pinchot and Teddy Roosevelt) said you should use nature but protect it too • President Teddy Roosevelt- loved nature and hunting • Saw that damage of nature would have a future impact • Increased gov’t reserves of forests, mineral lands, hydropower sites • Created National Forest Service, 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, 51 bird reserves, 4 game preserves, 150 national forests

27. Possible Activities:Pick one! • Use the internet to research current public reform movements in the US. Find one modern movement that you think correlates to each of the following progressive era movements: 1. food safety, 2. political equality for all citizens, 3. control of big business, 4.protection of minority/groups rights, 5. conservation • Prepare an attractive, well-developed poster honoring the work and accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt • Create a “book jacket” for The Jungle. On the cover include a picture, a one sentence “hook” and the title/author. On the back write: 1. paragraph that summarizes the book and 2. one paragraph that tells what the book accomplished