The Environment -major changes in last decade

1. Hussam Adeni The Environment-major changes in last decade Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

2. Major changes in last decade- for the environment • New Accords and Protocols • Automobile Industry – Radical changes • Environment restrictions Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

3. 5 Major changes in the last decade • Montreal Accord • Euro IV and Euro V fuels • Engine configurations • Stringent API specifications • Kyoto Protocol Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

4. 5 Major changes in the last decade • Montreal Accord • Largely for refrigerants • Euro IV and Euro V fuels • Sulphur reduction in fuels • Engine configurations • Fuel injection mechanism • Higher operating speeds and pressure Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

5. 5 Major changes in the last decade • Stringent API specifications • API CJ-4 specifications • Kyoto Protocols • Green House Gas (GHG) emissions Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

6. 1. Montreal Accord – 1995/96 • Treaty structured around halogenated hydro carbons known to play a role in Ozone depletion • Treaty deals with phase-out Management Plan for • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s), • Carbon Tetra chloride (CCl4), • Hydrochloroflourocarbons (HCFC’s) Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

7. 1. Montreal Accord – 1995/6 • Treaty structured around widely used halogenated hydrocarbons now known to play a role in Ozone depletion • Targets HCFC’s, CFC’s, CCl4 used as • Refrigerants, • Solvents, • Blowing agents for plastic/foam manufacture • Fire extinguisher. Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

8. 1. Montreal Accord – 1995/6 • Update - 2006 • Largely implemented across the world • R – 134 A successfully identified as alternative refrigerant. • Widely used today in Air conditioners used in automobiles, in house and office AC’s and in industries. • Montreal compliant solvents and fire extinguishers have been developed & are in use today in many applications Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

9. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Role of fuels Three major function in an IC engine • Energy source to drive engine • Coolant for injector • It is the lubricant for fuel pump & injectors In addition, fuels should be compatible with gaskets and seals in the system • Good compatibility --> expansion or marginal swelling. • As a result, there will no leakage of fuels, gas & oil Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

10. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Environmental demands Under the Clean Air Act – • Sulphur in fuels to be reduced 15 ppm • Most developing countries: Sulphur in fuels approx. 2000 ppm till the early 90’s • Many have now implemented 50 ppm sulphur in all fuels. • Developed countries have progressively moved to 10 ppm Sulphur in Fuels Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

11. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Diesel Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

12. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Gasoline - Petrol Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

13. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsHydro treatment- Sulphur removal • Sulphur in fuels is removed at the refinery by stripping • Process of stripping of sulphur is called • Hydrotreatment Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

14. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsPitfalls of - Sulphur removal • Unfortunately - sulphur reduction also removes • Natural lubricity compounds • Natural conductivity properties • It changes combustion properties • Biocide property of sulphur Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

15. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication – loss of lubricity • No protective barrier between metal surfaces • Could lead to damage of vital engine components • Some vital components are • Fuel pump • Fuel injectors • Valves & ports Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

16. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication – ASTM and lubricity • In 2005, ASTM had put in a lubricity specification • ASTM D 975 for middle distillates • ASTM D 6079 is widely used for other fuels • Wear scar value is 520 microns or less • OEM’s in Europe suggested 420 or less • Fully synthetic esters widely accepted component in fuel additives Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

17. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication - Sulphur removal • Natural conductivity properties • Conductivity is decreased • Static charge may build up while fuel is being pumped • Probably danger of ignition from static electricity • Essential that fuels are dosed with special conductivity additives Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

18. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication - Sulphur removal • It changes combustion properties • Hydro treatment may reduce Cetane in diesel to the 40’s • Modern Diesel engines are computer controlled and deliver optimal combustion in the range of 45 to 51. • Cetane boosting additives now essential for peak performance Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

19. 2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication - Sulphur removal • Biocide property of sulphur • Widely used today as antiseptic • Used in many drugs and medicines • Sulphur controls fungal growth in fuel tanks. • Fuels now need to be treated with biocides to prevent fungal growth in fuel storage tanks Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

20. 3. Engine configuration - Radical changes Three major function in an IC engine • Energy source to drive engine • Coolant for injector • It is the lubricant for fuel pump & injectors In addition, fuels should be compatible with gaskets and seals in the system • Good compatibility --> expansion or marginal swelling. • As a result there will be no leakage of fuels, gas & oil Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

21. 3. Engine configuration - Radical changes Evolution of fuel/injector/exhaust mechanism • Naturally aspirated (NA) • Turbo charged • Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) • Direct injection (DI) • Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

22. 3. Engine configuration Radical changes - psi Dramatic increase in Operating pressures • Early diesel engines – 600 psi • Current CRDI – 30,000 psi Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

23. 3. Engine configurationRadical changes – Cat. converter Engine manufacturers proposed reduction of treat level of Zinc- Phosphate and Calcium sulphonates • Engine manufacturers sought extension of life for catalytic converters • Research showed interference to life of catalytic converters from additives in lubes • ZDDP – Anti wear • Over based Calcium – Detergency Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

24. 4. API CJ-4 requirementsHistory of Lube additives Since 1975 triboapplications utilized solid boundary additive in the carrier oil acting as a barrier of molecules between moving parts with the following: • ZDDP (Zinc Di Thiophosphates) • Phosphorous • Sulphur • Calcium sulphonates Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

25. 4. API CJ-4 requirementsUsed oil disposal issues These additives had the disadvantage of being: • Highly toxic – difficult to dispose • Sacrificial – Deplete on use • Inert – Do not react with metal alloys • Become acidic – due to oxidation and water • Also corrosive – furthering micro-pitting Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

26. 4. API CJ-4 requirements API CJ-4 demands • Lube manufacturers use up to 1% ZDDP • Zinc-Phosphate levels at 1% are for all practical purposes negligible • Treats of 1% ZDDP packages likely to have little impact on reducing wear Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

27. 4. API CJ-4 requirements Alternative EP additives consisting of Graphite, Molybdenum have come into prominence • Graphite & Molybdenum have little lubricating value as they are not reactive • Under heavy pressure will press out • Will lead to metal to metal contact • Research is going on for alternative compounds for use as anti wear additives Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

28. 5. Kyoto Protocol • Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG) • Major constituent of GHG identified • Major sources for GHG emitters identified • Incentive for reduction of GHG Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

29. 5. Kyoto Protocol • Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG) • Country wise and industry wise data collated. • Reduction targets – broadly agreed upon • Major constituent of GHG identified • Carbon dioxide – CO2 • Nitrogen Oxides - NOx • Major sources for GHG emitters identified • Incentive for reduction of GHG Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

30. 5. Kyoto Protocol • Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG) • Country wise and industry wise data collated. • Reduction targets – broadly agreed upon • Major constituent of GHG identified • Carbon dioxide – CO2 • Nitrogen Oxides – NOx Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

31. 5. Kyoto Protocol • Major sources for GHG emitters identified • Aviation Industry • Power Plants • Auto Industry Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

32. 5. Kyoto Protocol • Incentive for reduction of GHG • To users who register, document and reduce GHG emissions • ISO 14064 initiated to document reduction • Tradable “Carbon Credits” to offset bulk GHG emitters • Bulk users in Auto related industry likely to be major beneficiary Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

33. Thank you Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com