Disorders

1. Disorders

2. Schizophrenia • A disorder that deals with cognition and emotion, perception, and motor functions. • People are confused and have disordered thoughts and perceptions. • They loose touch with reality, “lives life as an unreal dream.”

3. Schizophrenia cont. • Many individuals have: • Delusions: false beliefs maintained in the face of contrary evidence • Hallucinations: perceptions that have no direct external cause • Disturbance of affect: the emotion may be inappropriate • Language may be sped up, so it just seems like a “word salad”

4. Developmental Disorders • Disorders that have an early onset. They can be diagnosed as early as infancy. • Disorders include Learning Disabilities, ADHD, Autism, and so on.

5. Autism • qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following: • marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction • failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level • a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people (e.g., by a lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest) • lack of social or emotional reciprocity • qualitative impairments in communication as manifested by at least one of the following: • delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language (not accompanied by an attempt to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as gesture or mime) • in individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others • stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language • lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to developmental level

6. Autism cont. • restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following: • encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus • apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals • stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body movements) • persistent preoccupation with parts of objects • Delays or abnormal functioning in at least one of the following areas, with onset prior to age 3 years: (1) social interaction, (2) language as used in social communication, or (3) symbolic or imaginative play.

7. Asperger’s Syndrome • Is a Autism Spectrum Disorder • Impairment in communications skills • Restrictive patterns of thought and behavior • Do not withdraw from the world like Autism • Obsession with a single topic • There has been a link with developing depression, ADHD, OCD, or Schizophrenia • Have trouble building and maintaining relationships

8. ADD: Attention Deficit Disorder • Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities • Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities • Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly • Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions) • Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities • Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework) • Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools) • Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli • Is often forgetful in daily activities

9. ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(similar to ADD) The following are symptoms of Hyperactivity • Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat • Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected • Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness) • Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly • Is often “on the go” or often acts as if “driven by a motor” • Often talks excessively

10. Intellectual Disability • Formally known as Mental Retardation • Severe cognitive impairment, that results in an IQ of less then 70. • Severe adaptive behavior problems in social judgment and social understanding

11. Mood Disorders • Occasional Depression is common, but if moods are intense and have a longer duration, it falls under a mood disorder. • Major Depressive Disorder: Spend at least 2 weeks feeling depressed, sad, anxious, fatigues, and agitated. • Symptoms include: eating too much or too little, sleeping too much or too little, difficulty thinking and concentrating • Not related to a death.

12. Bipolar Disorder • Manic-Depression • Mania is usually “Dig-Fast” • Distractibility, Indiscretion, Grandiosity, Flight of Ideas, Activity increase, Sleep deficit, Talkativeness • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtHXzDqXy3w

13. Seasonal Affective Disorder • Depression that occurs during the winter months. • Research has claimed it is due to melatonin level being too high.

14. Suicide and Depression • Read pages479-480 and answer the questions based on the graph on page 480.

15. Personality Disorders • Personality is defined as “the unique psychological qualities of an individual that influences a variety of characteristic behavior patterns (both overt and covert) across different situations and over time.” • Our attitudes, thoughts, and feelings are all part of our personality.

16. Personality Disorders Cont. • Unable to establish meaningful relationships, assume social responsibilities or adapt to their social environment. • An individual with a a personality disorder displays an inflexible, long-lasting, and maladaptive way of dealing with the environment and other people

17. Diagnosing • Four core features that characterize personality disorders: • Extreme and distorted thinking patterns • Problematic emotional response patterns • Impulse control problems • Significant interpersonal problems

18. Types of Personality Disorders Antisocial • Often very charming • Violates others’ rights • Feels no remorse Avoident • Highly self-conscious • Extremely sensitive to criticism • Stays away from social gatherings

19. Types of Personality Disorders Borderline • Extremely impulsive • Unstable personal relationships • Wavering image of self Dependent • Submissive • Relies almost solely on others for care-taking

20. Types of Personality Disorder Histrionic • Excessive emotional displays • Highly attention-seeking Narcissistic • Exaggerated sense of self-importance • Lack of empathy • Need for admiration

21. Types of Personality Disorders Obsessive Compulsive • Has an intense interest in being orderly • Having control • Achieving perfections Paranoid • Distrusts others • Perceives others as having evil motives

22. Types of Personality Disorders Schizoid • Pattern of detachment from social relationships • Limited range of emotional expression Schizotypal • Feels intense discomfort in close relationships • Has distorted thinking • eccentric behavior

24. Drug Addiction • Drug addictions and alcoholism are covered under the DSM • Psychological dependence is the use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it • Can be dependent to caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, and so on

25. Drug Addiction cont. • The more the use, a person can have physiological addiction: in which the person’s body is so used to the drug, it is needed to be put in its normal state.

26. Drug Addiction cont. • As a person uses the drug, they can build a tolerance: physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect. • When people start stop using the drug, the often go through withdrawal

27. Alcoholism • Most serious drug problem • The more drinks, the psychological and physiological functions begin to shut down • 4 stages of Disease Model of Alcohalism: • I: individual drinks and relaxations encourages more drinking • II: secret drinking occurs, blackouts, and memory loss • III: rationalization to justify drinking • IV: impaired thinking a compulsive drinking

28. Alcoholism cont. • Can develop from environmental and genetic factors • There are social affects • Can hinder someone to function socially or perform their normal duties. • Children of alcoholics experience high levels of stress, depression, anger, and other emotional stress

29. Treatments for Alcoholism • Delirium treatments usually begin within 72 hours of last drink • Body tremors, delirium, hallucinations, anxiety, depression, loss of appetite, nausea, heavy sweating are a few symptoms • Antabuse is a chemical that blocks the conversion of the chemicals found in alcohol. When taken, it makes the person violently ill when they drink.