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DISORDERS. DISORDERS. Mental disorder is defined as a significant impairment in psychological functioning Psychotic disorder is a severe mental disorder characterized by a retreat from reality, hallucinations, delusions and social withdrawal
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DISORDERS • Mental disorder is defined as a significant impairment in psychological functioning • Psychotic disorder is a severe mental disorder characterized by a retreat from reality, hallucinations, delusions and social withdrawal • Organic mental disorder refers to a mental or emotional problem caused by brain diseases or injuries
TYPES OF DISORDERS • Personality Disorders: Behavior problems that repeatedly cause problems at work, school and in relationships with others • Sexual Disorders: problems with sexual desire, arousal or performance • Somatoform Disorders: feeling physically sick though the doctor says nothing is wrong with you
TYPES OF DISORDERS • Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety attacks and distortions of behavior • Mood Disorders: Feeling sad and hopeless, having a rush of irrational ideas • Psychotic Disorders: See or hear things that others don’t • Substance Related Disorders: Abuse or Dependence on psychoactive drugs
PERSONALITY DISORDER • An enduring pattern of inner experience or behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. Pattern is manifested in 2 or more areas: • Cognition • Affectivity • Interpersonal functioning • Impulse control
ENDURING PATTERN… • is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of situations • leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning • is stable and onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood • is not better accounted for by another mental disorder/ or • by physiological effect of a substance or general medical condition
Paranoid • Schizoid • Schizotypal CLUSTER A odd, eccentric • Histrionic • Narcissistic • Borderline • Antisocial CLUSTER B dramatic, erratic • Avoidant • Dependent • Obsessive/Compulsive CUSTER C fearful
Cluster A: Odd, eccentric Diagnosis Pervasive Pattern Paranoid Distrust and suspiciousness of others Interpretation of others’ motives as malevolent Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation Schizoid Detachment from social relationships Restricted range of emotional expression Schizotypal Discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships Cognitive and perceptual distortions Eccentricities of behavior
Cluster B: Dramatic Diagnosis Pervasive Pattern Antisocial Disregard for the rights of others Violation of the rights of others Borderline Instability of relationships Instability of self-image Instability of affect Marked impulsivity Histrionic Excessive emotionality Attention seeking Narcissistic Grandiosity in fantasy or behavior Need for admiration Lack of empathy
Cluster C: Fearful Diagnosis Pervasive Pattern Avoidant Social Inhibition Feelings of inadequacy Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation Dependent Excessive need to be taken care of Submissive and clinging behavior Fears of separation Obsessive-Compulsive Preoccupation w/ orderliness/perfection Preoccupation w/ mental and inter- personal control Restricted flexibility, openness, and efficiency
SEXUAL DISORDERS • Arousal Disorders: the person desires sexual activity but does not become sexually aroused. • Lack of vaginal lubrication • Lack of vaginal dilation or lengthening • Decreased genital tumesence • Decreased genital or nipple sensation
SEXUAL DISORDERS • Orgasm Disorders: the person does not have orgasms or experiences orgasms too soon or too late • Sexual Pain Disorders: the person experiences pain that makes lovemaking uncomfortable or impossible • Dyspareunia refers to pain in the pelvic area during or after sexual intercourse. This can occur in both men and women. • Vaginismus refers to an involuntary spasm of the musculature surrounding the vagina causing it to close, resulting in penetration being difficult and painful, or impossible.
SEXUAL DISORDERS • Desire Disorders: the person has little or no sexual motivation or desire. • Hypoactive - (Sexual Anhedonia) The ongoing lack of sexual fantasies or thoughts. A woman suffering with hypoactive sexual desire disorder does not have a desire for sex and is not interested in the sexual advances of her partner. This may also be called loss of libido. • Sexual Aversion - An ongoing severe fear or phobia of any sexual activity with a partner.
Anxiety Disorders • Adjustment disorders: when ordinary stress pushes one beyond his/her limits • Generalized anxiety disorder: a chronic state of tension and worries about work, relationships, etc… • Phobias: intense, irrational fear of specific objects, activities or situations
Anxiety Disorders • Panic Disorder (w/o Agoraphobia): state of anxiety and brief moments of sudden, unexpected panic • Panic Disorder (w/Agoraphobia): same as above, the difference is that the person has a fear that the panic attacks will occur in public places or unfamiliar situations, thus bringing the attack on
Stress Disorders • Is an emotional disturbance caused by stresses outside the range of normal human experience (ie: accidents, earthquakes) • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: a psychological disturbance lasting more than one month following stresses that would produce anxiety • Acute stress disorder: lasts up to one month
Somatoform Disorders • Hypochondriasis: preoccupation with fears of having serious disease. Physical signs are interpreted as “proof” although there is no physical disorder • Somatization: numerous physical complaints, numerous doctor consultations, but no organic cause found
Somatoform Disorders • Pain disorder: pain that has no identifiable physical cause and appears to be of psychological origin • Conversion disorder: a bodily symptom that mimics a physical disability but is actually caused by anxiety or emotional distress
Dissociative Disorders • Mainly noted in those who have amnesia, multiple identities • Dissociative Identity: when a person has two or more separate identities • Dissociative Amnesia: loss of memory (partial or complete) in relation to personal identity • Dissociative Fugue: sudden travel away from home, plus confusion about one’s personal identity
Mood Disorders • Defined as major disturbances in emotions • Depressive disorders: sadness and despondency are prolonged, unreasonable, exaggerated • Bipolar disorder: Going from “up” to “down” emotionally in a cycle • Dysthymic disorder: moderate depression that is ongoing for 2 years or more • Cyclothymic disorder: periods of depression and mania for at least 2 years
Major Mood Disorders • These are characterized by emotional extremes • Major depressive disorder: feelings of failure, worthlessness, total despair • Bipolar I: person experiences both extreme mania and deep depression • Bipolar II: person is mainly sad, but has one or more mildly manic episodes (but the mania is not as extreme as Bipolar I disorder)
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS • Psychosis reflects a loss of contact with shared views of reality • These disorders are marked by delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations • Two major types are schizophrenia and paranoid psychosis
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS: Schizophrenia • Is marked by delusions, hallucinations, apathy, abnormal thinking, and incongruence with thoughts and emotions • Four types: • Disorganized • Catatonic • Paranoid • Undifferentiated
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS: DELUSIONS • Erotomanic: people have erotic delusions that they are loved by another, particularly someone famous • Grandiose: people believe they have great talent, knowledge, insight; they have special relationship with God • Jealous: having a belief that your spouse or lover is unfaithful
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS: DELUSIONS • Persecutory: believing you are being conspired against, cheated on, followed, harassed • Somatic: people believe that their bodies are diseased or rotting, infested with insects