Concept Check

1. Concept Check • Answer the following questions to hand-in (do this now) • What is a virus? • What is a bacteria? • What is a protist? • What are the defining features of fungi?

2. How are there so many different organisms on earth? • Create your own organism by picking a number out of pile • Use the organism characteristic table as your guide • Draw a quick picture and give your organism a scientific name and common name • Compare your organism and answer the 2 questions on the hand-out

3. Kingdom Plantae

4. Kingdom Plantae Imagine taking a thin piece of algae floating in a pond and moving it to the land. What changes would have to happen in order for it to survive on land?

5. Early Plants were non-vascular • Lack conductive tissues (i.e., lack specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients) • Non-vascular plants today belong to the Bryophyte phyla • Includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

6. Early Plants were non-vascular • From the photos below, can you find a common characteristic between all three? • That’s right – they are low-growing and found in moist environments Liverwort Hornwort Moss

7. Why? A consequence of being non-vascular • Since these plants have no vascular tissue, they cannot retain water or deliver it to other parts of the plant body • How do you think they obtain nutrients and water? • Right – by the process of diffusion and osmosis. This limits the size that they can grow. Just like it limits cell size. • Also,

8. Why? A consequence of being non-vascular • In addition, bryophytes do not posses true roots, stems or leaves, although the plant body is differentiated into leaf-like and stem-like parts • What do they have? • Some species have root-like structures called rhizoids

9. What is a Rhizoid? • Hair-like structures that function like tiny roots • Help anchor the plant and absorbs water and minerals • Found on the lower surfaces of certain parts of mosses, ferns, and other small organisms

10. Time out • Please read pg. 374 – 377 (just to the first paragraphof 377) • It is not necessary to takenotes (unless you want to) • The important thing is thatyou understand

11. Plant evolution • For plants to grow upwards required the development of a vascular system = Water and nutrient transport system • Vascular tissue consists of xylem (water) and phloem (sugars)

12. How did Plants Adapt to Water Loss? • The development of the cuticle • A waxy layer secreted by epidermal cells on the outer surface of plants • Minimizes water loss and.... • Prevents pathogens from entering plant cells

13. Further Evolution • Stomata – a small opening found in the epidermal layer of plants • Allows for exchangeof gases between theplant and the atmosphere • Helps control water loss; opening size controlled by guard cells

14. Transpiration • Transpiration is the evapouration of water from plants • It occurs at the leaves while their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 • CO2 needed for photosynthesis

15. Your Turn • Finish reading pg. 377 • Try questions 1-10 on pg. 378

16. Classification of Plantae • Although there are a vast variety of plants in the world, they can all be placed in one of four main groups (divisions). • Each large group contains several Phyla.

17. 1) Bryophytes • Three phyla (mosses, hornworts and liverworts). • No vascular tissue, therefore depend on osmosis and diffusion to transport nutrients. • Have no roots, instead have root-like rhizomes.

18. 1) Bryophytes • Usually grow in dense mats of low tangled vegetation that can hold water like a sponge, allowing them to survive cold or dry periods. • Sexual reproduction.

19. Non-vascular Plants Mosses (Bryophytes) • Very successful and widespread as they thrive in such diverse habitats as bogs, tundra, on bare exposed rocks, and in deep shade. • Twice as many species of mosses as there are mammals!

20. Non-vascular Plants Liverworts (Hepatophytes) • Grow flat, low to the ground and are rarely more than 30 cells thick • 80% are leafy and live in tropical forests and in humid climates. • Thalloseliverworts make-up the other 20%. • Many small chloroplasts per cell.

21. Non-vascular Plants Hornworts (Anthocerophytes) • Broad, flat and are commonly blue-green in colour. • One large chloroplast per cell

22. 2) Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns and their relatives) • came about 300 million years ago • developed the vascular tissue that allowed them to grow tall

23. Seedless Vascular Plants Whisk Ferns (Psilotophytes) • Look like small green whisk brooms • No leaves or roots • Short rhizomes, which are horizontal, underground stems. • Produce spores. Club Mosses (Lycopodophytes) • Small evergreen-looking plants that grow in dense mats in moist temperate or tropical forests. • Not related to true mosses! • Have true roots and stems.

24. Seedless Vascular Plants Horsetails (Sphenophytes) • Once included tree-sized members, but now just smaller plants (1 m). • Often found in damp areas or along roadsides. • Can be used to scour pots. • Have silica in their cells, which accounts for the roughness. • Can be made into a shampoo to combat head lice. Ferns (Pteridophytes) • Dominated the forests during the Carboniferous period (315-280 mya). • Most familiar and successful of the seedless vascular plants. • Have roots, stems, a waxy epidermis that reduces water loss by evaporation and stomata in their leaves for gas exchange. • Ferns produce millions or even billions of spores in their lifetime. • Have fronds, which are seed leaves that grow up from rhizomes.

25. 3) Gymnosperms (Conifers and their relatives) • disperse by means of seeds • reproduce sexually without needing water • have seeds that are exposed on the surface of cone scales • gymnosperm means ‘naked seed’ • includes cone-bearing trees: pines, firs, spruce, yew, cedars, redwood and many other large trees. • Also includes the cycadophytes, gnetophytes and ginkgophytes.

26. 3) Gymnosperms Conifers • Form vast forests in the colder regions of the world • As well as reproducing without water, they have bark to prevent water loss. • The pyramidal shape of many conifers helps snow and ice slide off the tree reducing branch breakings. • The needle like leaves have a thick, waxy cuticle and sunken stomata, which reduce the rate of evaporation. • These are evergreens, which are continually losing and replacing needles all year round. Gnetophyta • Very rare, found in southern Africa

27. Gymnosperms Cycadophyta • 100 species in the tropics, once dominated the earth. • Short, palm-like trees with scaly trunks. Ginkgophyta • The only living species is Ginkobiloba, which was common during the Jurassic period (200 mya). • Cultivated in Asian temples for hundreds of years, which helped protect against extinction.

28. 4) Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) • Plants that protect their seeds within the body of a fruit are called angiosperms or flowering plants. • Appeared on earth more than 150 mya. • Include vines, grasses, shrubs, trees and water plants. • Grow everywhere on land from tundra to tropics. • Divided into monocots (1 seed leaf) and dicots (2 seed leaves) • Sexual reproduction by pollination. Use wind, water, animals, bats, birds and insects as pollen carriers.