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Controversies over Communion in the Middle Ages

Controversies over Communion in the Middle Ages. CONTINUING QUESTIONS. What did Jesus mean by: “This is my body” “This is my blood”? Matthew 26.26 Mark 14:22 Luke 22:19 I Corinthians 11:24. Cyril of Jerusalem (350). Preparing new converts

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Controversies over Communion in the Middle Ages

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  1. Controversies over Communion in the Middle Ages

  2. CONTINUING QUESTIONS What did Jesus mean by: “This is my body” “This is my blood”? Matthew 26.26 Mark 14:22 Luke 22:19 I Corinthians 11:24

  3. Cyril of Jerusalem (350) • Preparing new converts • Bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ…somehow • Jesus changed water into wine, thus.. • How? Just affirm the mystery (John of Damascus) • Purpose: becoming “one with Christ”

  4. CHANGES IN EUCHARISTIC TRADITION • From TABLE … 1ST TO 3RD CENTURIES • Didache, Paul, table stories, last supper traditions, Jewish “Chaburah” (fellowship meal) • Shared food and fellowship of the community • Eating and drinking with the Risen Lord • Anticipation of the “Heavenly Banquet” • “Sacrifice of Praise” – action of the people • http://ldysinger.stjohnsem.edu/@texts/0203_perpetua/x-supper1.jpg

  5. …to Tomb/Altar late 4th CENTURY ORIGINS • Theodore of Mopsuestia (381) • Allegory of the death of Christ • Re-presentation of Christ’s death as a sacrifice – an action of the priest • People as observers • Conduit of “heavenly grace” for forgiveness of sins Image source: http://saints.sqpn.com/ncd00366a.jpg

  6. Medieval Developments • Debate at the Monastery of Corbie • 9th century • Radbertus(literal) • Ratromnus(symbolic) • Prelude to scholastic theology: • providing reasoned • explanations for theological ideas • Controversy over change in bread and wine: how are sacramental bread and wine different? • Image Source: http://saintsandblesseds.files.wordpress.com

  7. An Embarrassing Oath • Berengar of Tours • 11th century • He revives symbolic approach • Required to take ultra-literal oath • Lots of grinding of bones…. • Oath becomes an embarrassment in later church

  8. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) & The Medieval Synthesis • The Crusades & the rediscovery of Aristotle • Revival of “Reason” and “Science” • The HOW Question • “Accidents” do not change • “Substance” changes • “Transubstantiation” • Says “more”

  9. Extra: Thomas Aquinas’ Model of Natural & Revealed Theology Basic Format of The Summa Theologica 1. Theological Question 2. Objections = initial answers (But, don’t be fooled!) 3. Thomas’ REAL Answer 4. Response to the initial Objections (Why they are wrong) RevealedTheology Knowledge of God found only in Scripture Natural Knowledge, including Natural Theology • “Summa “of the Summa on Knowledge of God! • Human beings can have knowledge of God through observation of the natural world (= Natural theology = human [limited] knowledge) • Knowledge of God necessary for human salvation is only available through revelation, which is found in the scriptures (= Revealed theology = the perfection of human knowledge) Image source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JnXd16RlK_c/TUMo9AU-0kI/AAAAAAAAS0E/rEKS1LgGoVo/s1600/SaintThomasAquinas.jpg

  10. Protestant Reformers • John WYCLIFFE (1328-1384) • Symbolic presence only • No change in the “substance” of bread and wine • Christ is not “corporeally” in the sacrament • Leadership not derived from office, but from God • Formally condemned in 1382 & 1415 • Protected by English king Image Source: http://rebelliouspastorswife.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/wycliffe.gif

  11. Protestant Reformers • Martin Luther (1483 – 1548) • Augustinian Monk: Salvation by Faith though Grace • Visits Rome – Oops! • “Babylonian Captivity” of the Sacrament • Should not be given in just one kind (bread) • Denies 7 sacraments, accepts 2 • Real Presence, but no change… Image Source: http://charliewhitlow.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/martin-luther.jpg FEEL THE WRATH OF THE REFORMER @ Martin Luther Insult Generator: "You are like mouse-dropping in the pepper.” Click on the link to begin the tirade : http://ergofabulous.org/luther/

  12. The Elizabethan Settlement • “I’m Henry the 8th I am…” I’ll take one divorce and raise you an entire Church…! • Catholic “Bloody” Mary Tudor • daughter of Catherine of Aragon • restoration & persecution (Reign: 1553-58) • Elizabeth I – Back to Protestantism • Reign 1558-1603 • Wars of Religion – Wars of Words • Prayer book of 1552: “This is my body.” + “Do this in remembrance of me.” Young Mary Tudor

  13. Credits Rose window, Notre Dame. Photo taken by garyturner @ http://www.flickr.com/photos/garyturner/448849167/ Agape Feast, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agape_feast_07.jpg, Public Domain Corbie Monastery, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia /commons/thumb/f/fe/Corbie_abbatiale_1.jpg/75px-Corbie_abbatiale_1.jpg Thomas Aquinas @ http://arewethereyet-davisfarmmom.blogspot.com/2011/03/on-feast-of-st-thomas-aquinas.html John Wycliffe @ http://victorverney.wordpress.com/history-2/religious-dissenters-prominent-obscure/ Martin Luther @ http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/l/u/t/luther_m.htm Young Mary Tudor @ http://www.marileecody.com/mary1images.html

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